International Survey of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds

Countries Weeds Herbicides Mutations Graphs References Researchers
HRAC GROUP 2 (LEGACY B) RESISTANT SCENTLESS CHAMOMILE
(Tripleurospermum perforatum (=T. inodorum))


Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Sweden
INTRODUCTION SCENTLESS CHAMOMILE
Scentless Chamomile (Tripleurospermum perforatum (=T. inodorum)) is a dicot weed in the Asteraceae family.  In Sweden this weed first evolved resistance to Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides in 2015 and infests Wheat.   Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides are known as Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ).  Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to florasulam, and tribenuron-methyl and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides.

The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

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QUIK STATS (last updated Apr 11, 2017 )

Common NameScentless Chamomile
SpeciesTripleurospermum perforatum (=T. inodorum)
GroupInhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Herbicidesflorasulam, and tribenuron-methyl
LocationSweden
Year2015
Situation(s)Wheat
Contributors - (Alphabetically)Henrik Hallquist, and Solvejg Mathiassen 
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

GENERAL

 https://doi.org/10.1111/wre.70062

Divergent Target- Site Substitutions at Pro197 Confer Variable Degrees of Resistance to Tribenuron- Methyl and Florasulam in Tripleurospermum inodorum Populations Across Europe

 Kateřina Hamouzová1 |  Pavlína Košnarová1 |  Madhab Kumar Sen1|  Soham Bhattacharya1         |  Michaela Kolářová1 |  Lena Ulber2 |  Dagmar Rissel2 |  Björn Ringselle3|  Wiktoria Kaczmarek-Derda4 |  Pavel Hamouz1          |  Josef Soukup1 1Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Department of Agroecology and Crop Production, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic | 2Julius Kühn Institute (JKI)—Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Field Crops and Grassland, Braunschweig, Germany | 3RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Division of Bioeconomy, Department of Agriculture and Environmental Engineering, Borås, Sweden | 4NIBIO, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Department Invertebrate Pests and Weeds in Forestry, Agriculture and Horticulture, Ås, Norway

Correspondence: Kateřina Hamouzová (hamouzova@af.czu.cz)Received: 31 July 2025 | Revised: 14 December 2025 | Accepted: 19 December 2025 

Academic Editor: David Comont (david.comont@rothamsted.ac.uk) 

Keywords: ALS mutation | Czech Republic | florasulam | Germany | Norway | Sweden | tribenuron  

ABSTRACT Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Sch. Bip. is a widespread weed in cereal production systems across Europe and has evolved re- sistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)- inhibiting herbicides in several Northern and Central European countries. This study identified and characterised resistance to the ALS- inhibiting herbicides tribenuron- methyl and florasulam in eight populations of T. inodorum from the Czech Republic, Germany, Norway and Sweden. The two Czech populations, with Pro- 197- Gln + Pro- 197- Ala substitutions in one population (CZ1) and a Pro- 197- Thr substitution in the second population (CZ2), differed in their response to tribenuron- methyl: CZ1 showed low resistance (resistance factor, RF: 5.2), while CZ2 exhibited high resistance (RF: > 53). However, both showed similar and low resistance to florasulam (RF: 2.5 and 3.9, respectively). The two German populations also showed contrasting responses: one population, with a Pro- 197- Leu substitution, exhibited low resistance to both ALS inhibitors (RF: 2.8 for tribenuron- methyl and 3.3 for florasulam), whereas the other population, with a Pro- 197- Thr substitution, displayed high resistance to both herbicides (RF: > 53 and 12.9, respectively). Norwegian populations with a Pro- 197- Tyr substitution and Swedish populations with Pro- 197- Thr or Pro- 197- Gln substitutions exhibited high resistance to tribenuron-m ethyl (RF: 15.2–> 53), but only low resistance to florasulam (RF: 2.5–4.8). Geographic patterns in substitution types were evident, with Nordic populations predominantly exhibiting polar substitutions and Central European populations showing a mix of polar and non- polar substitutions, suggesting divergent resistance evolution pathways. Notably, except for the Pro197Gln mutation, all other identified mutations have not been previously reported in T. inodorum. Overall, these results highlight the need for region- specific resistance management strategies.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible Scentless Chamomile biotype with this Scentless Chamomile biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.
 
Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 2 resistant Scentless Chamomile have not been reported to the site.  There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature
 
Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database.  If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.
 
Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes.  If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 2 (Legacy B) resistant Scentless Chamomile from Sweden please update the database.
 
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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

HENRIK HALLQUIST
Weed Advisor
Swedish Board of Agriculture
Box 12
Alnarp, 23053, Skåne County
Sweden
Email Henrik Hallquist
SOLVEJG MATHIASSEN
Senior Scientist
Aarhus University, Science and Technology
Dept. of Agroecology
P.o. Box 30
Slagelse, 4200, Slagelse Municipality
Denmark
Email Solvejg Mathiassen

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Sweden have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Henrik Hallquist, and Solvejg Mathiassen for providing detailed information.
Herbicide Resistant Scentless Chamomile Globally
(Tripleurospermum perforatum (=T. inodorum))
Herbicide Resistant Scentless Chamomile Globally
(Tripleurospermum perforatum (=T. inodorum))
Drag a column header and drop it here to group by that column
Herbicide Resistant Scentless Chamomile Globally
(Tripleurospermum perforatum (=T. inodorum))
#CountryFirstYearSituationActive IngredientsSite of Action
1 Czech RepublicCzech Republic 2021 Wheat florasulam, and tribenuron-methyl 12 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
116Tripleurospermum perforatum (=T. inodorum)Scentless Chamomile21235
2 DenmarkDenmark 2010 Spring Barley, and Winter wheat florasulam, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, and tribenuron-methyl 13 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
116Tripleurospermum perforatum (=T. inodorum)Scentless Chamomile5673
3 FranceFrance 2010 Wheat metsulfuron-methyl 17 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
116Tripleurospermum perforatum (=T. inodorum)Scentless Chamomile9939
4 GermanyGermany 2009 Wheat tribenuron-methyl 18 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
116Tripleurospermum perforatum (=T. inodorum)Scentless Chamomile5534
5 NorwayNorway 2006 Winter wheat iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, and tribenuron-methyl 31 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
116Tripleurospermum perforatum (=T. inodorum)Scentless Chamomile10975
6 PolandPoland 2014 Winter wheat tribenuron-methyl 33 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
116Tripleurospermum perforatum (=T. inodorum)Scentless Chamomile10971
7 SwedenSweden 2015 Wheat florasulam, and tribenuron-methyl 40 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
116Tripleurospermum perforatum (=T. inodorum)Scentless Chamomile15076
8 United KingdomUnited Kingdom 2002 Cereals metsulfuron-methyl 44 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
116Tripleurospermum perforatum (=T. inodorum)Scentless Chamomile7763
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