PowerPoint Charts Available for Download

High resolution PowerPoint charts available for presentations and extension publications, 2018. The PowerPoint contains charts made in Excel. WSSA version (WSSA Group Numbers) and HRAC version (HRAC Group Letters) .

Guidelines for Minimizing the Risk of Glyphosate Resistance in the UK.

WRAG (UK Weed Resistance Action Group) has done a great job developing these guidelines, you can download them here:
 Guidelines for Minimizing the Risk of Glyphosate Resistance in the UK.

International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds
Saturday, November 17, 2018

There are currently 496 unique cases (species x site of action) of herbicide resistant weeds globally, with 255 species (148 dicots and 107 monocots). Weeds have evolved resistance to 23 of the 26 known herbicide sites of action and to 163 different herbicides. Herbicide resistant weeds have been reported in 92 crops in 70 countries. The website has 2692 registered users and 566 weed scientists have contributed new cases of herbicide resistant weeds. View Recent Additions, Site of Action Summary, or the Herbicide Classification System.

SELECT LISTS OF HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEEDS BY ONE OF THE BELOW
select Abutilon theophrasti Acalypha australis Ageratum conyzoides Agrostis stolonifera Alisma canaliculatum Alisma plantago-aquatica Alopecurus aequalis Alopecurus japonicus Alopecurus myosuroides Amaranthus albus Amaranthus blitoides Amaranthus blitum (ssp. oleraceus) Amaranthus cruentus Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis) Amaranthus palmeri Amaranthus powellii Amaranthus retroflexus Amaranthus spinosus Amaranthus tuberculatus (=A. rudis) Amaranthus viridis Ambrosia artemisiifolia Ambrosia trifida Ammannia auriculata Ammannia coccinea Anthemis arvensis Anthemis cotula Apera spica-venti Arabidopsis thaliana Arctotheca calendula Arenaria serpyllifolia Atriplex patula Avena fatua Avena sterilis Avena sterilis ssp. ludoviciana Bacopa rotundifolia Beckmannia syzigachne Bidens pilosa Bidens subalternans Bidens tripartita Bifora radians Blyxa aubertii Brachiaria eruciformis Brachypodium distachyon Brassica rapa (=B. campestris) Brassica tournefortii Bromus catharticus Bromus diandrus Bromus diandrus ssp. rigidus (=B. rigidus) Bromus japonicus Bromus rubens Bromus secalinus Bromus sterilis Bromus tectorum Buglossoides arvensis (=Lithospermum arvense) Camelina microcarpa Capsella bursa-pastoris Carduus nutans Carduus pycnocephalus Centaurea cyanus Centaurea solstitialis Centaurea stoebe ssp. micranthos Chamaesyce maculata Chenopodium album Chenopodium album var. striatum (=C. strictum var. glaucophyllum) Chenopodium ficifolium Chenopodium polyspermum Chloris barbata = (C. inflate) Chloris elata Chloris truncata Chloris virgata Chrysanthemum coronarium Cirsium arvense Clidemia hirta Commelina diffusa Convolvulus arvensis Conyza bonariensis Conyza canadensis Conyza sumatrensis Crassocephalum crepidioides Crepis tectorum Crypsis schoenoides Cuphea carthagenenis Cuscuta pentagona (=C. campestris) Cynodon hirsutus Cynosurus echinatus Cyperus brevifolius Cyperus compressus Cyperus difformis Cyperus esculentus Cyperus iria Cyperus odoratus Damasonium minus Datura stramonium Daucus carota Descurainia sophia Digitaria ciliaris Digitaria insularis Digitaria ischaemum Digitaria sanguinalis Diplotaxis erucoides Diplotaxis tenuifolia Dopatrium junceum Echinochloa colona Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli Echinochloa crus-galli var. formosensis Echinochloa crusgalli var. zelayensis Echinochloa crus-pavonis Echinochloa erecta Echinochloa oryzoides Echinochloa phyllopogon (=E. oryzicola) Echium plantagineum Ehrharta longiflora Elatine triandra var. pedicellata Eleocharis acicularis Eleusine indica Epilobium ciliatum Epilobium tetragonum Erigeron philadelphicus Eriochloa punctata Erucaria hispanica Erysimum repandum Euphorbia heterophylla Fimbristylis miliacea Fumaria densiflora Galeopsis tetrahit Galinsoga ciliata Galium aparine Galium spurium Galium tricornutum Gamochaeta pensylvanica Hedyotis verticillata Helianthus annuus Hirschfeldia incana Hordeum murinum ssp. glaucum Hordeum murinum ssp. leporinum Hydrilla verticillata Ischaemum rugosum Iva xanthifolia Ixophorus unisetus Kochia scoparia Lactuca saligna Lactuca serriola Lamium amplexicaule Landoltia punctata Lepidium virginicum Leptochloa chinensis Leptochloa panicoides Leptochloa scabra Leptochloa virgata Limnocharis flava Limnophila erecta Limnophila sessiliflora Lindernia dubia (=Lindernia dubia var. major) Lindernia micrantha Lindernia procumbens Lolium perenne Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum Lolium persicum Lolium rigidum Ludwigia prostrata Matricaria discoidea Matricaria recutita (= M. chamomilla) Mazus fauriei Mazus pumilus Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Mitracarpus hirtus Monochoria korsakowii Monochoria vaginalis Myosoton aquaticum Nassella neesiana Nassella trichotoma Neslia paniculata Oryza sativa var. sylvatica Panicum capillare Panicum dichotomiflorum Papaver rhoeas Parthenium hysterophorus Paspalum paniculatum Pentzia suffruticosa Phalaris brachystachys Phalaris minor Phalaris paradoxa Picris hieracioides Plantago lagopus Plantago lanceolata Poa annua Polygonum aviculare Polygonum convolvulus (=Fallopia convolvulus) Polygonum hydropiper Polygonum lapathifolium Polygonum pensylvanicum Polygonum persicaria Polypogon fugax Polypogon monspeliensis Portulaca oleracea Ranunculus acris Raphanus raphanistrum Raphanus sativus Rapistrum rugosum Rorippa indica Rostraria smyrnacea (=Lophochloa smyrnacea) Rotala indica var. uliginosa Rotala pusilla Rottboellia cochinchinensis (=R. exaltata) Rumex acetosella Rumex dentatus Sagittaria guyanensis Sagittaria montevidensis Sagittaria pygmaea Sagittaria trifolia Salsola tragus Schoenoplectus fluviatilis Schoenoplectus juncoides Schoenoplectus mucronatus (=Scirpus mucronatus) Schoenoplectus wallichii Sclerochloa dura Sclerochloa kengiana Senecio vernalis Senecio vulgaris Setaria faberi Setaria pumila (=S. glauca) Setaria verticillata Setaria viridis Setaria viridis var. major (=var. robusta-alba, var. robustapurpurea) Sida spinosa Silene gallica Sinapis alba Sinapis arvensis Sisymbrium orientale Sisymbrium thellungii Snowdenia polystachya Solanum americanum Solanum nigrum Solanum ptycanthum Soliva sessilis Sonchus asper Sonchus oleraceus Sorghum bicolor Sorghum bicolor ssp. drummondii (=Sorghum sudanese) Sorghum halepense Spergula arvensis Sphenoclea zeylanica Sporobolus fertilis Stellaria media Thlaspi arvense Tridax procumbens Tripleurospermum perforatum (=T. inodorum) Urochloa panicoides Urochloa plantaginea (=Brachiaria plantaginea) Urtica urens Vaccaria hispanica Vicia sativa Vulpia bromoides Xanthium strumarium Youngia japonica	select African Mustard African Turnipweed Alexandergrass Amazon Sprangletop American Black Nightshade American Sloughgrass Annual Bluegrass Annual Falsebrome Annual Sedge Annual Sowthistle Arrocillo Arrowleafed Monochoria Asia Minor bluegrass Asian Copperleaf Asian Mazus Asiatic Hawksbeard Azetogarashi (Japanese) Ball Mustard Barnyardgrass Birdsrape Mustard Black Nightshade Blackgrass Bristly Foxtail Buckhorn Plantain Bur Beggarticks Burning Nettle Bushy Wallflower California Arrowhead Calomba daisy Canada thistle Capeweed Catchweed Bedstraw Catstail Cheat (Rye Brome) Chilean or Uruguayan Needlegrass Chinese Sprangletop Coat Buttons Common Chickweed Common cocklebur Common False-pimpernel; Azena (Japanese) Common Groundsel Common Hempnettle Common Lambsquarters Common Purslane Common Ragweed Common Sunflower Common Vetch Common Waterplantain Corn Chamomile Corn Gromwell Corn Poppy Corn Spurry Cornflower Cowcockle Creeping Bentgrass Crown daisy Crystalline Iceplant Dense-flowered Fumitory Disc Waterhyssop Dopatrium Dotted Duckweed Downy Brome (Cheatgrass) Dwarf Arrowhead Eared Redstem Early Watergrass Eastern Black Nightshade Eastern Groundsel English Catchfly Ethiopian grass Fall Panicum False Cleavers False Loosestrife Feather Fingergrass Field Bindweed Field Dodder Field Pennycress Figleaved Goosefoot Flixweed Fragrant Flatsedge Fringed Willowherb Giant Foxtail Giant Green Foxtail Giant Parramatta grass Giant Ragweed Globe Fringerush Goosegrass Gooseweed Gramilla mansa Greater Beggarticks Green Foxtail Gulf Cockspur Gulf Cockspur Grass Guyanese Arrowhead Hairy Beggarticks Hairy Fleabane Hairy Galinsoga Halberdleaf Orach Hardgrass Hare Barley Hare's Foot Plantain Hawkweed Oxtongue Hedgehog Dogtailgrass Henbit Deadnettle Hera-omodaka Hood Canarygrass Horseweed Hydrilla Italian Ryegrass Italian Thistle Itchgrass Japanese Brome Japanese Foxtail Japanese Mazus Jimsonweed Johnsongrass Junglerice Keng Stiffgrass Kikashigusa Kochia Ladysthumb Large Crabgrass Late Watergrass Lateflowering Goosefoot Lawn Burweed Limnophila (Asian marshweed) Little seed Canary grass Liverseedgrass Livid Amaranth Longflowered veldtgrass Low False-pimpernel Manyseeded Goosefoot Marshelder Marshpepper Smartweed Marshweed Mayweed Chamomile Mizohakobe (Waterwort) Mizuaoi (JPN)/Moolokzam (KOR) Mizu-matsuba Mouse-ear Cress Musk Thistle Narrowleaf Hawksbeard Needle Spikerush Oriental Mustard Pale Smartweed Palmer Amaranth Pasto Amargo Pasto Honduras (Mexicangrass) Patersons Curse Pennsylvania Everlasting Pennsylvania Smartweed Perennial Ryegrass Perennial Wallrocket Persian Darnel Philadelphia Fleabane Pineapple-weed Pollacci Barnyardgrass Poverty Brome Powell Amaranth Prickly Lettuce Prickly Sida Prostrate Knotweed Prostrate Pigweed Rabbitfoot Polypogon Radish Ragweed Parthenium Red Amaranth Red Brome Red Rice Redflower Ragleaf Redroot Pigweed Redstem Rescuegrass Rice Flatsedge Ricefield Bulrush Rigid Brome Rigid Ryegrass Ripgut Brome River Bulrush Rock Bulrush Rough Sprangletop Roundfruit Blyxa Russian-thistle Saramollagrass Sawah Flowering Rush Scentless Chamomile Serrated Tussock Shattercane Sheep Sorrel Shepherd's-purse Shortawn Foxtail Shortleaf Spikesedge Shortpod Mustard Shortspike Canarygrass Silky Windgrass Slender Amaranth Smallflower Umbrella Sedge Smallseed Flaxfalse Smooth Barley Smooth Crabgrass Smooth Pigweed Soapbush Sourgrass Southern Crabgrass Spanish Pink Mustard Spiny Amaranth Spiny Sowthistle Spotted knapweed Spotted Spurge Spreading Dayflower Square-stalked Willowherb Squirreltail Fescue Starfruit Sterile Oat Sterile oat Sudangrass Sumatran Fleabane Swamp Pricklegrass Sweet Summer Grass Swollen Fingergrass Taiwan barnyardgrass Taiwan-yamai Tall Buttercup Tall Waterhemp Tall Windmill Grass Tarweed Cuphea Threehorn Bedstraw Threeleaf Arrowhead Thymeleaf Sandwort Toothed Dock Tropical Girdlepod Tropical Sprangletop (Juddsgrass) Tropical Whiteweed Tumble Pigweed Turnipweed Variableleaf Yellowcress Velvetleaf Virginia Pepperweed Water Starwort White Mustard White Wallrocket Wild Bishop Wild Buckwheat Wild Carrot Wild Chamomile Wild Mustard Wild Oat Wild Poinsettia Wild Radish Willow-leaved lettuce Windmill Grass Witchgrass Woody borreria Yellow Foxtail Yellow Nutsedge Yellow Starthistle
select A (ACCase inhibitors) B (ALS inhibitors) C1 (Photosystem II inhibitors) C2 (PSII inhibitor (Ureas and amides)) C3 (PSII inhibitors (Nitriles)) D (PSI Electron Diverter) E (PPO inhibitors) F1 (Carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitors) F2 (HPPD inhibitors) F3 (Carotenoid biosynthesis (unknown target)) F4 (DOXP inhibitors) G (EPSP synthase inhibitors) H (Glutamine synthase inhibitors) I (DHP synthase inhibitors) K1 (Microtubule inhibitors) K2 (Mitosis inhibitors) K3 (Long chain fatty acid inhibitors) L (Cellulose inhibitors) M (Uncouplers) N (Lipid Inhibitors) O (Synthetic Auxins) P (Auxin transport inhibitors) Z (Nucleic acid inhibitors) Z (Antimicrotubule mitotic disrupter) Z (Unknown) Z (Cell elongation inhibitors)	select Alfalfa Almonds Apples Aquatic Around Buildings Asparagus Banana and Plantain Beans Blueberries Bushland Reserve Cabbages Canola Carrots Cereals Chesnut Chickpea Chicory Clover Coffee Corn (maize) Cotton Cropland Dates Durum wheat Faba beans Fallow Fencelines Flax Forests Fruit Gardens Golf courses Grapefruit Grapes Grass seed Hops Horseradish Industrial sites Irrigation Channels Kentucky bluegrass Lentils Lettuce Lime, sour Lupins Mint Mulberry Nurseries Oats Oil Palm Nursery Olive Onions Orchards Palm oil Pasture seed Pastures Peaches Peanut (groundnut) Pears Peas Pecan nut Pejibaye palm Potatoes Railways Rangeland Rapeseed Rice Rice Paddy Levee Roadsides Rubber Sandalwood Plantation Seed corn Sorghum Soybean Spring Barley Spring wheat Sugar beets Sugarcane for sugar Sunflower Sweet corn Sweet potato Taro Tea Tomatoes Triazine-tolerant canola Turf Unspecified Vegetables Watermelon Wheat Winter barley Winter pulses Winter wheat
select Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming	select Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Bolivia Brazil Bulgaria Canada Chile China Colombia Costa Rica Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Ethiopia Fiji Finland France Germany Greece Guatemala Honduras Hungary India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Jordan Kenya Latvia Lithuania Malaysia Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Norway Pakistan Panama Paraguay Philippines Poland Portugal Russia Saudi Arabia Serbia Slovenia South Africa South Korea Spain Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Thailand Tunisia Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela
Tip - type in boxes (autocomplete like google)

 

About This Survey

The purpose of this survey is to monitor the evolution of herbicide-resistant weeds and assess their impact throughout the world. The site is a global collaboration between weed scientists with a common goal of understanding, preventing and managing the occurrence of herbicide-resistant weeds.

Genomic DNA Sequences that Encode for Herbicide Targets

Darci Giacomini has created this database to (1) give quick access to the most common herbicide resistance genes across a wide range of weedy species and (2) provide a resource for researchers interested in discovering these gene sequences from weed species not listed here. Click here to go to the Sequence Database

 Removal of Synthetic Auxin Resistant Tripleurospermum perforatum from the survey.

Upon review of this case it was determined that it did not fit the criterion for inclusion in the survey.  A full explaination can be found in the following PDF : Why Synthetic Auxin Resistant Tripleurospermum perforatum was removed from the survey.

 Glyphosate Mutation Database - Dr. Todd Gains.

Dr. Todd Gains has compiled a list of weeds with mutations that confer resistance glyphosate Click Here.

• Tang Wei ; Zhou FengYan ; Chen Jie ; Zhou XiaoGang. 2014. Resistance to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides in an Asia minor bluegrass (Polypogon fugax) population in China. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 108 : 16 - 20. GET ABSTRACT

  
  
• Hernandez, M.J., R. Leon, A. J. Fischer, M. Gebauer, R. Galdames, and R. FIgueroa. 2015. Target-Site Resistance to Nicosulfuron in Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) from Chilean Corn Fields.. Weed Science 63 : 631 - 640. GET ABSTRACT

  
  
• Campagna, G. ; Geminiani, E.. 2014. Integrated strategies for weeding of beet. Informatore Agrario 70 : 51 - 56. GET ABSTRACT

  
  
• Bonny, S. . 2015. Genetically Modified Herbicide-Tolerant Crops, Weeds, and Herbicides: Overview and impact. Environmental Management : . GET ABSTRACT

  
  
• Cha ThyeSan ; Anne-Marie, K. ; Chuah TseSeng. 2014. Identification and characterization of RAPD-SCAR markers linked to glyphosate-susceptible and -resistant biotypes of Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Molecular Biology Reports 41 : 823 - 831. GET ABSTRACT

  
  
• Chen, J., Z. Huang, C. Zhang, H. Huang, S. Wei, J. Chen, and X. Wang. 2015. Molecular basis of resistance to imazethapyr in redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) populations from China. . Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 124 : 43 - 47. GET ABSTRACT

  
  
• Kumar, V. and P. Jha. 2017. First report of Ser653Asn mutation endowing high-level resistance to imazamox in downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.). Pest Management Science DOI 10.1002/ps.4673 : . GET ABSTRACT

  
  
• Hall, L. M. ; Beckie, H. J. ; Low, R. ; Shirriff, S. W. ; Blackshaw, R. E. ; Kimmel, N. ; Neeser, C.. 2014. Survey of glyphosate-resistant kochia (Kochia scoparia L. Schrad.) in Alberta. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 94 : 127 - 130. GET ABSTRACT

  
  
• Chen, J., H. Huang, C. Zhang, S. Wei, Z. Huang, J. Chen, and X. Wang. 2015. Mutations and amplification of EPSPS gene confer resistance to glyphosate in goosegrass (Eleusine indica). Planta 242 : 859 - 868. GET ABSTRACT

  
  
• Ntoanidou, S., N. Kaloumenos, G. Diamantidis, P. Madesis, and I. Eleftherohorinos. 2016. Molecular basis of Cyperus difformis cross-resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides. . Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 127 : 38 - 45. GET ABSTRACT

  
  
• McCullough, P. E., J. Yu, J. S. McElroy, S. Chen, H. Zhang, T. L. Grey, and M. A. Czarnota. 2016. ALS–​resistant ​annual ​sedge (Cyperus compressus) ​confirmed in ​turf grass.. Weed Science 64 : 41 - . GET ABSTRACT

  
  
• Werle, R., K. Begcy, M. K. Yerka, J. P. Mower, I. Dweikat, A. J. Jhala, and J. L. Lindquist. 2017. Independent Evolution of Acetolactate Synthase–inhibiting Herbicide Resistance in Weedy Sorghum Populations across Common Geographic Regions. . Weed Science 65 : 164 - 176. GET ABSTRACT

  
  
• Molin, W. T., V. K. Nandula, A. A. Wright, and J. A. Bond. 2016. Transfer and expression of ALS inhibitor resistance from Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) to an A. spinosus × A. palmeri hybrid.. Weed Science 64 : 240 - 247. GET ABSTRACT

  
  
• COSTA, L.O. and RIZZARDI, M.A.. 2014. Raphanus raphanistrumResistance to the Herbicide Metsulfuron-Methyl. In Press : . GET ABSTRACT

  
  
• Tehranchian, P., D. S. Riar, J. K. Norsworthy, V. Nandula, S. McElroy, S. Chen, and R. C. Scott. 2015. ALS-resistant smallflower umbrella sedge (Cyperus difformis) in Arkansas rice: physiological and molecular basis of resistance. Weed Science 63 : 561 - 568. GET ABSTRACT

  
  
• Xia, W., L. Pan, J. Li, Q. Wang, Y. Feng, and L. Dong. . 2015. Molecular basis of ALS- and/or ACCase-inhibitor resistance in shortawn foxtail (Alopecurus aequalis) Sobol.). Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 122 : 76 - 80. GET ABSTRACT

  
  
• Jordi Rey-Caballero, Julio Menéndez, Maria D Osuna, Marisa Salas, Joel Torra. 2017. Target-site and non-target-site resistance mechanisms to ALS inhibiting herbicides in Papaver rhoeas. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 138 : 57 - 65. GET ABSTRACT

  
  
• Xu, X., G. Liu, S. Chen, B. Li, X. Liu, X. Wang, C. Fan, G. Wang, and H. Ni. 2015. Mutation at residue 376 of ALS confers tribenuron-methyl resistance in flixweed (Descurainia sophia) populations from Hebei Province, China.. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 125 : 62 - 68. GET ABSTRACT

  
  
• Adu-Yeboah, P. ; Malone, J. M. ; Gill, G. ; Preston, C.. 2014. Reduced glyphosate translocation in two glyphosate-resistant populations of rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) from fence lines in South Australia. Weed Science 62 : 4 - 10. GET ABSTRACT

  
  
• McNaughton, K. E. ; Brown, L. R. ; Sikkema, P. H.. 2014. Efficacy of POST glyphosate applications in combination with other POST herbicides in glyphosate-resistant corn (Zea mays L.). Agricultural Sciences 5 : 1 - 8. GET ABSTRACT

  
  
• Uddin, M. R. ; Park SangUn ; Dayan, F. E. ; Pyon JongYeong. 2014. Herbicidal activity of formulated sorgoleone, a natural product of sorghum root exudate. Pest Management Science 70 : 252 - 257. GET ABSTRACT

  
  
• Yu, Q., A. Jalaludin, H. Han, M. Chen, R.D. Sammons, and S. Powles. 2015. Evolution of a Double Amino Acid Substitution in the 5-Enolpyruvylshikimate-3-Phosphate Synthase in Eleusine indica Conferring High-Level Glyphosate Resistance. Plant Physiology 167 : 1440 - 1447. GET ABSTRACT

  
  
• Huang, Z., J. Chen, C. Zhang, H. Huang, S. Wei, X. Zhou, J. Chen, and X. Wang. 2016. Target-site basis for resistance to imazethapyr in redroot amaranth (Amaranthus retroflexus L.).. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 128 : 10 - 15. GET ABSTRACT

  
  
• Forouzesh, A., Zand, E., Soufizadeh, S., & Samadi Foroushani, S.. 2015. Classification of herbicides according to chemical family for weed resistance management strategies – an update. Weed Research : . GET ABSTRACT

  
  
• Rocío Alarcón-Reverte, Alejandro García, Susan B Watson, Ibrahim Abdallah, Sebastián Sabaté, María J Hernández, Franck E Dayan and Albert J Fischer. 2014. Concerted action of target-site mutations and high EPSPS activity in glyphosate-resistant junglerice (Echinochloa colona) from California. Pest Management Science : . GET ABSTRACT

  
  
• Zichang Zhang, Tao Gu, Buhong Zhao, Xia Yang, Qiong Peng, Yongfeng Li and Lianyang Bai. 2017. Effects of common Echinochloa varieties on grain yield and grain quality of rice. Field Crops Research 203 : 163 - 172. GET ABSTRACT

  
  
• Bahmani, A., A. Naderi, E. Zand, M. Masumi, and S. Lack. 2015. Evaluation of selection intensity of acetolactate synthase-inhibitor herbicide resistance endowing Asp-376-Glu mutation in Sinapis arvensis biotype.. Biological Forum 7 : 901 - 905. GET ABSTRACT

  
  
• Li, J., M. Li, X. Gao, and F. Fang. 2017. A novel amino acid substitution Trp574Arg in acetolactate synthase (ALS) confers broad resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides in crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis).. Pest Management Science doi:10.1002/ps.4651 : . GET ABSTRACT

  
  
• Ford, L. ; Soltani, N. ; McFadden, A. ; Nurse, R. E. ; Robinson, D. E. ; Sikkema, P. H.. 2014. Control of Canada fleabane (Conyza canadensis) with glyphosate DMA/2,4-D choline applications in corn (Zea mays). Agricultural Sciences 5 : 77 - 83. GET ABSTRACT

  
  
• Xia Yang, Zichang Zhang, Tao Gu, Mingchao Dong, Qiong Peng, Lianyang Bai and Yongfeng Li. 2017. Quantitative proteomics reveals ecological fitness cost of multi-herbicide resistant barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli L.). Journal of Proteomics 150 : 160 - 169. GET ABSTRACT

  
  
• Linda M. Hall, Hugh J. Beckie, Ryan Low, Scott W. Shirriff, Robert E. Blackshaw, Nicole Kimmel, Christoph Neeser. 2014. Survey of glyphosate-resistant kochia (Kochia scoparia L. Schrad.) in Alberta. Can. J. Plant Sci 94 : 127 - 130. GET ABSTRACT

  
  
• Thiel, H. ; Varrelmann, M.. 2014. Identification of a new PSII target site psbA mutation leading to D1 amino acid Leu₂₁₈Val exchange in the Chenopodium album D1 protein and comparison to cross-resistance profiles of known modifications at positions 251 and 264. Pest Management Science 70 : 278 - 285. GET ABSTRACT

  
  
• Riar, D. S., P. Tehranchian, J. K. Norsworthy, V. Nandula, S. McElroy, V. Srivastava, S. Chen, J. A. Bond, and R. C. Scott. 2015. Acetolactate synthase–inhibiting, herbicide-​resistant Rice ​flatsedge (Cyperus iria): ​cross-​resistance and ​molecular ​mechanism of resistance.. Weed Science 63 : 748 - 757. GET ABSTRACT

  
  
• McCullough, P. E., J. S. McElroy, J. Yu, H. Zhang, T. B. Miller, S. Chen, C. R. Johnston, and M. A. Czarnota. 2016. ALS-resistant spotted spurge (Chamaesyce maculata) confirmed in Georgia. Weed Science 64 : 216 - 222. GET ABSTRACT

  
  
• Han, H., Q. Yu, M. Widderick, and S. Powles. 2015. Target-site EPSPS Pro-106 mutations: sufficient to endow glyphosate resistance in polyploid Echinochloa colona?. Pest Management Science : . GET ABSTRACT

  
  
• Varanasi, V. K., A. S. Godar, D. E. Peterson, D. Shoup, and M. Jugulam. 2016. A target-site point mutation in henbit (Lamium amplexicaule) confers high-level resistance to ALS-inhibitors.. Weed Science 64 : 231 - 239. GET ABSTRACT

  
  
• Egan, J. F. ; Barlow, K. M. ; Mortensen, D. A.. 2014. A meta-analysis on the effects of 2,4-D and dicamba drift on soybean and cotton. Weed Science 62 : 193 - 206. GET ABSTRACT

  
  
• Tehranchian, P., J. K. Norsworthy, V. Nandula, S. McElroy, S. Chen, and R. C. Scott. 2015. First report of resistance to acetolactate-synthase-inhibiting herbicides in yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculents): confirmation and characterization
  . Pest Management Science 71 : 1274 - 1280. GET ABSTRACT

  
  
• Wu, C. X. ; Owen, M. D. K.. 2014. When is the best time to emerge: reproductive phenology and success of natural common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) cohorts in the midwest United States?. Weed Science 62 : 107 - 117. GET ABSTRACT

  
  
• Pedro Jacob Christoffoleti1*, Marcelo Rodrigues Alves de Figueiredo1, Lázaro Eustáquio Pereira Peres2, Scott Nissen3, Todd. 2015. Auxinic herbicides, mechanisms of action, and weed resistance: A look into recent plant science advances. Scientia Agricola 72 : 356 - 362. GET ABSTRACT

  
  
• Botha, G. M. ; Burgos, N. R. ; Gbur, E. E. ; Alcober, E. A. ; Salas, R. A. ; Scott, R. C.. 2014. Interaction of glufosinate with 2,4-D, dicamba, and tembotrione on glyphosate-resistant Amaranthus palmeri. American Journal of Experimental Agriculture 4 : 427 - 442. GET ABSTRACT

  
  
• Joel Torra, Antonia M. Rojano-Delgado, Jordi Rey-Caballero, Aritz Royo-Esnal, Maria L. Salas, Rafael De Prado. 2017. Enhanced 2,4-D Metabolism in Two Resistant Papaver rhoeas Populations from Spain. Frontiers in Plant Science 8 : 1584 - . GET ABSTRACT

  
  
• Soltani, N. ; Shropshire, C. ; Cowan, T. ; Sikkema, P. H.. 2014. Weed management in spring planted cereals with mesotrione. American Journal of Plant Sciences 5 : 153 - 157. GET ABSTRACT

  
  
• Deng, W., M. J. Liu, Q. Yang, Y. Mei, X. F. Li, and M. Q. Zheng.. 2015. Tribenuron-methyl resistance and mutation diversity of Pro197 in flixweed (Descurainia Sophia L.) accessions from China.. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 117 : 68 - 74. GET ABSTRACT

  
  
• Nakka, S., C. R. Thompson, D. E. Peterson, and M. Jugulam. 2017. Target Site–Based and Non–Target Site Based Resistance to ALS Inhibitors in Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri).. Weed Science 65 : 681 - 689. GET ABSTRACT

  
  
• Giacomini, D. ; Westra, P. ; Ward, S. M.. 2014. Impact of genetic background in fitness cost studies: an example from glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth. Weed Science 62 : 29 - 37. GET ABSTRACT

  
  
• Brosnan, J. T., J. J. Vargas, G. K. Breeden, L. Grier, R. A. Aponte, S. Tresch, and M. Laforest. 2016. A new amino acid substitution (Ala-205-Phe) in acetolactate synthase (ALS) confers broad spectrum resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides. Planta 243 : 149 - 159. GET ABSTRACT

  
  
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• Liu, W., G. Yuan, L. Du, W. Guo, L. Li, Y. Bi, and J. Wang. . 2015. A novel Pro197Glu substitution in acetolactate synthase (ALS) confers broad-spectrum resistance across ALS inhibitors. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 117 : 31 - 38. GET ABSTRACT

  
  
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• Panozzo, S., L. Scarabel, V. Rosan, and M. Sattin. 2017. A New Ala-122-Asn Amino Acid Change Confers Decreased Fitness to ALS-Resistant Echinochloa crus-galli.. Frontiers in Plant Science https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.02042 : . GET ABSTRACT

  
  
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• Busi, R. ; Gaines, T. A. ; Vila-Aiub, M. M. ; Powles, S. B.. 2014. Inheritance of evolved resistance to a novel herbicide (pyroxasulfone). Plant Science 217/218 : 127 - 134. GET ABSTRACT

  
  
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