International Survey of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds

Countries Weeds Herbicides Mutations Graphs References Researchers
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Herbicide Resistant Annual Bluegrass Globally
(Poa annua)
Herbicide Resistant Annual Bluegrass Globally
(Poa annua)
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Herbicide Resistant Annual Bluegrass Globally
(Poa annua)
#CountryFirstYearSituationActive IngredientsSite of Action
1 Australia (Victoria) AustraliaVictoria2009 Golf courses, and Turf endothall 1 Unknown (Z/27)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass5513
2 Australia (South Australia) AustraliaSouth Australia2017 Golf courses glyphosate 1 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass16084
3 Australia (South Australia) AustraliaSouth Australia2017 Golf courses simazine 1 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass16085
4 Australia (South Australia) AustraliaSouth Australia2017 Golf courses endothall 1 Unknown (Z/27)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass16086
5 Australia (South Australia) AustraliaSouth Australia2017 Golf courses propyzamide/pronamide 1 Inhibition of Microtubule Assembly (K1/3)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass16087
6 Australia (South Australia) AustraliaSouth Australia2017 Golf courses bispyribac-sodium, foramsulfuron, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, and rimsulfuron 1 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass16088
7 Australia (Victoria) AustraliaVictoria2017 Golf courses bispyribac-sodium, foramsulfuron, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, and rimsulfuron 1 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass16089
8 Australia (Victoria) AustraliaVictoria2017 Golf courses simazine 1 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass16090
9 Australia (Victoria) AustraliaVictoria2017 Golf courses glyphosate 1 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass16091
10 Australia (Victoria) AustraliaVictoria2017 Golf courses propyzamide/pronamide 1 Inhibition of Microtubule Assembly (K1/3)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass16092
11 Australia (New South Wales ) AustraliaNew South Wales 2017 Golf courses bispyribac-sodium, foramsulfuron, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, and rimsulfuron 1 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass16093
12 Australia (New South Wales ) AustraliaNew South Wales 2017 Golf courses simazine 1 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass16094
13 Australia (New South Wales ) AustraliaNew South Wales 2017 Golf courses glyphosate 1 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass16095
14 Australia (New South Wales ) AustraliaNew South Wales 2017 Golf courses endothall 1 Unknown (Z/27)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass16096
15 Australia (New South Wales ) AustraliaNew South Wales 2017 Golf courses propyzamide/pronamide 1 Inhibition of Microtubule Assembly (K1/3)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass16097
16 Australia (New South Wales ) AustraliaNew South Wales 2017 Golf courses bispyribac-sodium, endothall, foramsulfuron, glyphosate, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, propyzamide/pronamide, rimsulfuron, and simazine 1 Multiple Resistance: 5 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
Inhibition of Microtubule Assembly (K1/3)
Unknown (Z/27)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass16098
17 Australia (New South Wales ) AustraliaNew South Wales 2017 Golf courses pinoxaden 1 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass18189
18 Australia (Victoria) AustraliaVictoria2017 Golf courses pinoxaden 1 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass18190
19 BelgiumBelgium 1981 Nurseries, Orchards, and Roadsides simazine 3 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass33
20 BelgiumBelgium 1983 Orchards amitrole 3 Inhibition of Lycopene Cyclase (F3/11)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass38
21 BelgiumBelgium 1993 Hops paraquat 3 PS I Electron Diversion (D/22)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass36
22 Czech RepublicCzech Republic 1988 Orchards, and Railways atrazine, cyanazine, prometryne, and terbutryne 12 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass85
23 FranceFrance 1978 Orchards atrazine 17 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass464
24 FranceFrance 2015 Wheat iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, and mesosulfuron-methyl 17 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass18180
25 GermanyGermany 1980 Orchards atrazine 18 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass449
26 IrelandIreland 2021 Wheat iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, pinoxaden, propaquizafop, and pyroxsulam 81 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass27262
27 JapanJapan 1982 Golf courses, and Turf simazine 25 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass117
28 NetherlandsNetherlands 1981 Orchards simazine 43 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass219
29 New ZealandNew Zealand 2020 Turf haloxyfop-methyl 30 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass18203
30 NorwayNorway 1996 Nurseries simazine 31 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass388
31 United KingdomUnited Kingdom 1981 Hops paraquat 44 PS I Electron Diversion (D/22)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass359
32 United KingdomUnited Kingdom 1981 Orchards simazine 44 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass366
33 United States (Alabama) United StatesAlabama1980 Pastures simazine 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass1166
34 United States (Oregon) United StatesOregon1994 Grass seed ethofumesate 45 Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis inhibitors (K3 N/16)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass334
35 United States (Oregon) United StatesOregon1994 Grass seed diuron 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass336
36 United States (Oregon) United StatesOregon1994 Grass seed atrazine 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass338
37 United States (North Carolina) United StatesNorth Carolina1995 Golf courses, and Turf simazine 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass1060
38 United States (Mississippi) United StatesMississippi1996 Turf atrazine, and simazine 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass1187
39 United States (North Carolina) United StatesNorth Carolina1997 Golf courses, and Turf pendimethalin, and prodiamine 45 Inhibition of Microtubule Assembly (K1/3)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass1165
40 United States (Oregon) United StatesOregon2000 Grass seed diuron, and metribuzin 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass18181
41 United States (Virginia) United StatesVirginia2001 Golf courses, and Turf simazine 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass5162
42 United States (Tennessee) United StatesTennessee2007 Golf courses, and Turf dithiopyr, pendimethalin, and prodiamine 45 Inhibition of Microtubule Assembly (K1/3)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass5645
43 United States (Missouri) United StatesMissouri2010 Turf glyphosate 45 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass5495
44 United States (Tennessee) United StatesTennessee2011 Golf courses, and Turf glyphosate 45 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass5596
45 United States (Alabama) United StatesAlabama2012 Turf bispyribac-sodium, foramsulfuron, imazaquin, and trifloxysulfuron-Na 45 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass5644
46 United States (Alabama) United StatesAlabama2012 Turf dithiopyr, pendimethalin, and prodiamine 45 Inhibition of Microtubule Assembly (K1/3)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass5695
47 United States (Tennessee) United StatesTennessee2013 Golf courses, and Turf foramsulfuron, simazine, and trifloxysulfuron-Na 45 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass6765
48 United States (California) United StatesCalifornia2013 Almonds glyphosate 45 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass7805
49 United States (Mississippi) United StatesMississippi2014 Golf courses foramsulfuron 45 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass10982
50 United States (Tennessee) United StatesTennessee2017 Golf courses flumioxazin, foramsulfuron, glufosinate-ammonium, glyphosate, Indaziflam, metribuzin, prodiamine, propyzamide/pronamide, and simazine 45 Multiple Resistance: 7 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
Inhibition of Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase (E/14)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
Inhibition of Glutamine Synthetase (H/10)
Inhibition of Microtubule Assembly (K1/3)
Inhibition of Cellulose Synthesis (L/29)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass23237
51 United States (Georgia) United StatesGeorgia2022 Golf courses Indaziflam 45 Inhibition of Cellulose Synthesis (L/29)
 		130Poa annuaAnnual Bluegrass25260
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Cite this site as: Heap, I.  The International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds.  Online.  Internet.  Wednesday, April 24, 2024 .  Available  www.weedscience.org
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