<b>HRAC Group 2</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy B) </font> resistant Bidens pilosa from Brazil

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 2 (LEGACY B) RESISTANT HAIRY BEGGARTICKS
(Bidens pilosa)

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Brazil, Mato Grosso Do Sul

INTRODUCTION		HAIRY BEGGARTICKS
Hairy Beggarticks (Bidens pilosa) is a dicot weed in the Asteraceae family. In Brazil this weed first evolved resistance to Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides in 1993 and infests Soybean. Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides are known as Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to chlorimuron-ethyl, imazaquin, imazethapyr, nicosulfuron, and pyrithiobac-sodium and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Dec 07, 2000 )
Common Name	Hairy Beggarticks
Species	Bidens pilosa
Group	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Herbicides	chlorimuron-ethyl, imazaquin, imazethapyr, nicosulfuron, and pyrithiobac-sodium
Location	Brazil, Mato Grosso Do Sul
Year	1993
Situation(s)	Soybean
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Pedro Christoffoleti
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

GENERAL

Pedro Christoffoleti

The fist site of B. pilosa resistant to ALS inhibitor herbicide was found after 6 applications of imazaquin/chlorimuron in the soybean area. The areas with this weed occurs is a mixture of the species Bidens pilosa and Bidens subalternans. Bioassays and dose response curves has been conducted in the greenhouse conditions as ESALQ/USP - Brazil in Master of Science Dissertation by Patricia A. Monqueiro, adviser by Pedro J. Christoffoleti, and it proved a cross resistance of this biotype to Sulfonilureia, Imidazolinone, Triazolopiirimidina and Pirimidiloxibenzoato. Also some laboratory test has proved that resistance is due to an altered site of the ALS enzyme. The summary of Patrícia's dissertation is as follow: The weeds Bidens pilosa/Bidens subalternans and Amaranthus quitensis are controlled in the soybean crop by herbicides; but the acetolactate synthase (ALS - code EC 4.1.3.18) inhibitor herbicides are the most sprayed by soybean growers. However, the intensive and repetitive use of these herbicides in São Gabriel do Oeste county (MS - Brazil) and in the provinces of Córdoba and Tucumã (Argentina), selected resistant biotypes of these weeds. Therefore, it was developed a research project aiming to study the biology, management and the genetic/biochemical caracterization, using these weed biotypes. From greenhouse experiments dose-response curves and GR50 values were obtained, proving the cross resistance to imidazolinones and sulfonylureas of Bidens pilosa/Bidens subalternans and Amaranthus quitensis. It was also evaluated, under field conditons, the control of the resistant biotype of Bidens pilosa/Bidens subalternans to ALS inhibitor herbicides and alternatives (herbicides with different mechanism of action from ALS inhibition). It was concluded that the herbicide chlorimuron-ethyl and imazethapyr, at reccommended rate did not control the resistant biotype, but the alternative herbicides lactofen, fomesafen and bentazon were efficient. Seeds of Bidens pilosa/Bidens subalternans from plants of the ALS inhibitor herbicides failure in the field experiment and Amaranthus quitensis scapes from Argentina, were collected and used to install experiments in the greennhouse, whete it was tested the same treatements used in the field experiment. The results proved that alternative herbicides, sprayed alone, or in mixture with ALS inhibitor, controlled efficently both resistant and susceptible populations. It was conducted experiments of growth analysis of the resistant and susceptible biotypes of these weeds, in order to compare the competitive ability of the biotypes. According to the results, there is no adaptative cost to the resistant biotype. It was conducted a bioassay, in order to test a rapid detection of resistant biotypes to ALS inhibitor herbicides, spraying at the same time inhibitor herbicides of ALS and KARI (an enzyme that act in the reaction right after the acetolactate formation). The results of the acetolactate accumulation in resistant plants was meassured by the accumulation of acetoin, which concentration was meassured by the color of the solution developed in naphtol and creatine. By this test it was possible to confirm the resistance of the biotypes of Bidens pilosa/Bidens subalternans and Amaranthus quitensis due to an insensitivity of the ALS. The sequencing of the gen that codify the ALS in resistant and susceptible of Amaranthus quitensis, did not show any mutation in the Domain A, suggesting that other possition

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Field, Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Hairy Beggarticks biotype with this Hairy Beggarticks biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 2 resistant Hairy Beggarticks indicate that the inheritance is determined by a nuclear trait. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

Studies on the mechanism of resistance of Group 2 (Legacy B) resistant Hairy Beggarticks from Brazil indicate that resistance is due to an altered target site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the mechanism of resistance in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 2 (Legacy B) resistant Hairy Beggarticks from Brazil please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

PEDRO CHRISTOFFOLETI

Associate Professor III Universidade de Sao Paulo Crop Science Department ESALQ - USP - LPV - Av. Padua Dias 11 - C. Postal 09 Piracicaba, 13418-900, São Paulo Brazil Email Pedro Christoffoleti Web : Web Site Link

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Brazil have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Pedro Christoffoleti for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Hairy Beggarticks Globally
(Bidens pilosa)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Brazil

1993

Soybean

chlorimuron-ethyl, imazaquin, imazethapyr, nicosulfuron, and pyrithiobac-sodium

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Brazil

2016

Corn (maize), and Soybean

atrazine, and imazethapyr

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Kenya

1991

Coffee

paraquat

PS I Electron Diversion ( HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)

Mexico

2014

Lime, and sour

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Alcántara-de la Cruz, R., Fernández-Moreno, P.T., Ozuna, C.V., Rojano-Delgado, A.M., Cruz-Hipolito, H.E., Domínguez-Valenzuela, J.A., Barro, F. and De Prado, R.. 2016. arget and non-target site mechanisms developed by glyphosate-resistant hairy beggarticks (Bidens pilosa L.) populations from Mexico. Frontiers in Plant Science 7 : 1492 - .

In 2014 hairy beggarticks (Bidens pilosa L.) has been identified as being glyphosate-resistant in citrus orchards from Mexico. The target and non-target site mechanisms involved in the response to glyphosate of two resistant populations (R1 and R2) and one susceptible (S) were studied. Experiments of dose-response, shikimic acid accumulation, uptake-translocation, enzyme activity and 5-enolpyruvyl shikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) gene sequencing were carried out in each population. The R1 and R2 populations were 20.4 and 2.8-fold less glyphosate sensitive, respectively, than the S population. The resistant populations showed a lesser shikimic acid accumulation than the S population. In the latter one, 24.9% of 14C-glyphosate was translocated to the roots at 96 h after treatment; in the R1 and R2 populations only 12.9 and 15.5%, respectively, was translocated. Qualitative results confirmed the reduced 14C-glyphosate translocation in the resistant populations. The EPSPS enzyme activity of the S population was 128.4 and 8.5-fold higher than the R1 and R2 populations of glyphosate-treated plants, respectively. A single (Pro-106-Ser), and a double (Thr-102-Ile followed by Pro-106-Ser) mutations were identified in the EPSPS2 gene conferred high resistance in R1 population. Target-site mutations associated with a reduced translocation were responsible for the higher glyphosate resistance in the R1 population. The low-intermediate resistance of the R2 population was mediated by reduced translocation. This is the first glyphosate resistance case confirmed in hairy beggarticks in the world..

Lopes Ovejero, R. F. ; Soares, D. J. ; Oliveira, W. S. ; Fonseca, L. B. ; Berger, G. U. ; Soteres, J. K. ; Christoffoleti, P. J.. 2013. Residual herbicides in weed management for glyphosate-resistant soybean in Brazil. Planta Daninha 31 : 947 - 959.

In agricultural production systems where the glyphosate-resistant soybean crop (Glycine max) is grown and the practice of crop rotation with alternative herbicides is not adopted, the exclusive and continuous use of glyphosate has led to the occurrence of resistant weed populations that may limit or compromise the benefits of this technology. Thus, the efficacy of weed management programs, including the use of residual herbicides (sulfentrazone, flumioxazin, imazethapyr, diclosulan, chlorimuron and s-metolachlor) applied in preemergence and followed by in-crop postemergence applications of glyphosate (PRE-POST) were compared to glyphosate postemergence only programs - POST. The study was conducted across nine locations during the 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 growing seasons. PRE-POST programs were efficient in the control of Amaranthus viridis, Brachiaria plantaginea, Bidens pilosa, Commelina benghalensis, Eleusine indica, Euphorbia heterophylla and Raphanus raphanistrum, with the level of control being similar when comparing the program with two applications of glyphosate POST. Some PRE-POST programs were not efficient in controlling Cenchrus echinatus, Ipomoea hederifolia and Ipomoea triloba. Sulfentrazone and diclosulam PRE-POST programs improved the control of Ipomoea triloba compared to sequential applications of glyphosate alone. No significant differences in soybean yield were observed between any of the herbicide treatments or study locations. The use of residual herbicides in preemergence followed by glyphosate in-crop postemergence provides consistent weed control and reducing early season weed competition. Furthermore, these programs utilize at least two herbicide modes of action for herbicide use diversity, which will be needed to stay ahead of resistance build-up, regardless of when weeds may appear..

Baio, F. H. R. ; Pires, L. F. ; Tomquelski, G.. 2013. Mapping hairy beggarticks resistant to ALS herbicide in the Mato Grosso do Sul region. Bioscience Journal 29 : 59 - 64.

When herbicides with the same action mechanism are used repeatedly for several years, the herbicide resistant weeds can survive the treatment, propagate and dominate the area. The aim of this work was to identify and to map the patches of hairy beggarticks (Bidenspilosa) resistant to ALS inhibitors (acetolactate synthase) in the Mato Grosso do Sul region. Weed patch contour method was used to mapping, which is defined by walking around the weed patch. Hairy beggarticks biotypes were evaluated for their resistance to ALS inhibitors according to the increment on the doses of an herbicide on experimental field plot in the mapped area. The method used for hairy beggar ticks mapping by weed patch contour was considered effective under the evaluated conditions, and the geospatial weed map was obtained, allowing the patch spraying. There were areas of the field free of hairy beggar ticks. The studied field area was infested by hairy beggarticksbiotypes resistant to the applied herbicide, which was not efficient..

Braz, G. B. P. ; Oliveira Júnior, R. S. de ; Constantin, J. ; Dan, H. de A. ; Oliveira Neto, A. M. de ; Santos, G. ; Constantin, A. F. ; Takano, H. K.. 2011. Alternative herbicides for controlling Bidens pilosa and Euphorbia heterophylla resistant to ALS inhibitor in cotton crop. Revista Brasileira de Herbicidas 10 : .

The presence of Bidens pilosa and Euphorbia heterophylla resistant to ALS inhibitors is a problem to weed management in cotton crop, due to the fact that few alternatives broadleaf selective herbicides area available. In order to supply this information gap, four experiments were established in greenhouse conditions with the objective of evaluating herbicides applied in post-emergence conditions, recommended either for conventional and transgenic cotton (resistant to glyphosate and amonio-glufosinate) for controlling these resistant biotypes. The experimental design was entirely randomized with four replications and 21 herbicides treatments, besides a check without herbicide application. Two experiments were conducted per species, where the first one corresponded to herbicides application in stages of two to four leaves, and the second in the stage of four to six. It was evaluated the percentage of control at 7 and 28 days after herbicide application. Amonio-glufosinate and glyphosate applied isolated or in combinations with other herbicides were effective in controlling B. pilosa independently of the growth stage. The two biotypes demonstrated to be highly resistant to ALS inhibitor herbicides. E. heterophylla showed greater sensitivity to herbicide amonio-glufosinate herbicide and glyphosate in early stages applications. Glyphosate stood out as a satisfactory alternative for controlling E. heterophylla. For this biotype, synergistic effect was verified for associations between amonio-glufosinate and pyrithiobac-sodium..

Santos, J. B. ; Cury, J. P.. 2011. Black jack: a special weed in tropical soils. Planta Daninha 29 : 1159 - 1171.

Bidens pilosa occurs in practically all the Brazilian territory, besides several other tropical habitats. This plant's most advantageous aspects in the competition with major annual and perennial cultivars are its abundant and long propagule production, preferential photo-blastism, water use efficiency, high nutrient extraction and use, and morphophysiological characteristics. Due to B. pilosas plasticity and adaptative flexibility, as well as interaction of the characteristics determining its competitiveness, it is difficult to identify those which are associated with higher competitive capacity and expressiveness. This species presents biotypes resistant to some herbicides, rendering its control difficult in agricultural areas. The use of other management methods is also difficult, due to the wide variation in the flow of propagule dissemination, germination and emergence, as well as the beneficial association of this weed with microorganisms present in the soil. Although this plant has aggressive infesting characteristics, this work has reported some mechanisms that can be used for its integrated management. B. pilosa also presents medical properties, with extensive scientific studies being necessary in order to obtain benefits..

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