<b>HRAC Group 2</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy B) </font> resistant Raphanus sativus from Brazil

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 2 (LEGACY B) RESISTANT RADISH
(Raphanus sativus)

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Brazil

INTRODUCTION		RADISH
Radish (Raphanus sativus) is a dicot weed in the Brassicaceae family. In Brazil this weed first evolved resistance to Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides in 2001 and infests Wheat. Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides are known as Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to chlorimuron-ethyl, cloransulam-methyl, imazethapyr, metsulfuron-methyl, and nicosulfuron and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Oct 15, 2003 )
Common Name	Radish
Species	Raphanus sativus
Group	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Herbicides	chlorimuron-ethyl, cloransulam-methyl, imazethapyr, metsulfuron-methyl, and nicosulfuron
Location	Brazil
Year	2001
Situation(s)	Wheat
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Giovani Theisen
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

GENERAL

Giovani Theisen

Here are some photos of the resistant biotype.
Plant and roots
Plant detail
Plant detail
Plant detail
Root detail
Resistance Trial

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Field, and Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible Radish biotype with this Radish biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 2 resistant Radish have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 2 (Legacy B) resistant Radish from Brazil please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

GIOVANI THEISEN

Researcher Fundacep Fecotrigo 16650 State Route 536 Cruz Alta, 98100-970, RS Brazil Email Giovani Theisen

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Brazil have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Giovani Theisen for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Radish Globally
(Raphanus sativus)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Argentina

2008

Canola, Sunflower, and Wheat

bispyribac-sodium, chlorimuron-ethyl, diclosulam, flucarbazone-Na, flumetsulam, imazamox, imazapyr, imazethapyr, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, and metsulfuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Brazil

2001

Wheat

chlorimuron-ethyl, cloransulam-methyl, imazethapyr, metsulfuron-methyl, and nicosulfuron

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Chile

2010

Wheat

flucarbazone-Na, imazamox, imazapyr, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, metsulfuron-methyl, pyroxsulam, and triasulfuron

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Pandolfo, C. E., A. Presotto, F. Moreno, I. Dossou, J. P. Migasso, E. Sakima, and M. Cantamutto. 2016. Broad resistance to acetohydroxyacid-synthase-inhibiting herbicides in feral radish (Raphanus sativus L.) populations from Argentina.. Pest Management Science 72 : 354 - 361.

BACKGROUND

Soon after the commercial release of sunflower cultivars resistant to imidazolinone herbicides, several uncontrolled feral radish (Raphanus sativus L.) populations were found in south-eastern Buenos Aires, Argentina. These populations were studied in field, glasshouse and laboratory experiments aiming to characterise their resistance profile and to develop management tools.

RESULTS

Three feral radish accessions were highly resistant to ten active ingredients of five families of acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS)-inhibiting herbicides. Sequence analysis of the AHAS gene detected a Trp574Leu mutation in all resistant accessions. One accession with an intermediate level of resistance was heterozygous for this mutation, probably owing to gene exchange with a susceptible subpopulation located in the field margin. Herbicide-resistant and herbicide-susceptible radish could be controlled in sunflower by alternative herbicides.

CONCLUSION

This is the first report of feral radish with resistance to herbicides belonging to all the AHAS-inhibiting herbicide families, conferred by Trp574Leu mutation in the AHAS gene. An appropriate herbicide rotation with alternative herbicides such as fluorochloridone or aclonifen and an increase in the diversity of cropping systems are important for minimising the prevalence of these biotypes. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry

Pandolfo, C. E. ; Presotto, A. ; Poverene, M. ; Cantamutto, M.. 2013. Limited occurrence of resistant radish (Raphanus sativus) to AHAS-inhibiting herbicides in Argentina. Planta Daninha 31 : 657 - 666.

Radish has developed feral and weedy biotypes, which is a concern for agriculture around the world. In Argentina, it is one of the most widespread and troublesome crop weeds. In Brazil, this species has developed herbicide-resistance to acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) inhibiting herbicides. The objective of this study was to record the presence of herbicide-resistant weedy radish plants in Argentina. In spring 2008, we found a small population of radish at the end of the flowering stage in an imidazolinone-tolerant canola field treated with imazethapyr. Screening and dose-response tests were conducted to two successive generations. They proved the biotype resistant status, and showed extensive survival (between 50 and 80% of control) to the application of a double dose of four AHAS-inhibiting herbicides from two different chemical families (imidazolinones and sulfonylureas). Dose-response assays exhibited very high resistance for imazethapyr (LD₅₀=2452.5 g a.i. ha^-1, GR₅₀=2926.9 g a.i. ha^-1) and intermediate for metsulfuron (LD₅₀=3.0 g a.i. ha^-1, GR₅₀=43.2 g a.i. ha^-1). The acquisition of cross-resistance to different herbicide families would confer an adaptive and invasive advantage in agricultural environments to this biotype. Due to the herbicide rotation conducted in the field, the dispersion of this biotype was restricted. This is the first report of resistance in weedy radish in Argentina..

Mithila, J. ; Hall, J. C.. 2012. Transfer of auxinic herbicide resistance from wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis) into radish (Raphanus sativus) through embryo rescue. Journal of Horticultural Sciences 7 : 29 - 33.

The discovery of auxinic herbicides (e.g., 2,4-D, Dicamba, Picloram) for selective control of broad-leaf weeds in cereal crops revolutionized modern agriculture. These herbicides are inexpensive and do not generally have prolonged residual activity in soil. Although cultivated species of Brassicaceae (e.g., radish and other vegetables) are susceptible to auxinic herbicides, some biotypes of wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis, 2n=18) were found to be highly resistant to Picloram and Dicamba. Inter-generic hybrids between wild mustard and radish (Raphanus sativus, 2n=18) were produced by traditional breeding coupled with in vitro embryo rescue/ovule culture. To increase frequency of embryo regeneration and hybrid plant production, several hundred reciprocal crosses were performed between these species. Upon altering cultural conditions and media composition, a high frequency of embryo regeneration and hybrid plant establishment was achieved. A protocol was also optimized for in vitro clonal multiplication of inter-generic hybrids produced by embryo rescue. To evaluate transfer of auxinic herbicide resistance from wild mustard into hybrid plants, several screening tests (involving in vitro, molecular-based as well as whole plant-based tests) were performed. Results indicated that hybrids of R. sativus × S. arevensis were resistant to auxinic herbicides suggesting, that, the resistance trait was transferred to these hybrids from the wild mustard. This research for the first time demonstrates the possibility of transfer of auxinic herbicide resistance from wild mustard to radish..

Warwick, S. I. ; Francis, A.. 2005. The biology of Canadian weeds. 132. Raphanus raphanistrum L. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 85 : 709 - 733.

A review of biological information is provided for Raphanus raphanistrum L. Native to the Mediterranean region, the species is widely introduced and naturalized in temperate regions around the world. In Canada, it currently occurs in all provinces except Saskatchewan and Manitoba, has only a limited distribution in Alberta, and is also absent from the Yukon, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut. It is most abundant in the Atlantic and Pacific regions and is an important weed of field crops in the Maritime provinces and Quebec. A persistent seed bank, competitive annual growth habit and high fecundity all contribute to its weedy nature and ensure that it will be a continuing problem. It can easily hybridize with cultivated radish, R. sativus L., and commonly does so when they occur together. Limited hybridization with canola, Brassica napus L., has been reported from several experimental field and greenhouse trials. Selective herbicide control is most difficult in canola and other cruciferous crops. It is the most important dicot weed in the southwestern region of Australia, primarily due to the evolution of several different herbicide-resistant biotypes. These include biotypes resistant to the acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibitors (group 2 herbicides) and/or photosystem II-inhibitors (group 5), and a biotype with multiple resistance to ALS-inhibitors, photosystem II-inhibitors, an auxin (2,4-D amine), and a phytoene desaturase (PSDS)-inhibitor (diflufenican). A biotype resistant to the ALS-inhibiting herbicide chlorsulfuron has also been detected in South Africa..

Procópio, S. O. ; Santos, J. B. ; Silva, A. A. ; Pires, F. R. ; Ribeiro Júnior, J. I. ; Santos, E. A. ; Ferreira, L. R.. 2004. Plant selection with potential for phytoremediation of soils contaminated with trifloxysulfuron sodium. Planta Daninha 22 : 315 - 322.

This study aimed to identify trifloxysulfuron sodium-selective plants to be used in phytoremediation programmes for this herbicide in soil. Ten plants were evaluated: Medicago sativa, Avena strigosa [A. nuda], Crotalaria juncea, Canavalia ensiformis, Helianthus annuus, Dolichos lablab [Lablab purpureus], Stylosanthes guianensis, Mucuna deeringiana, Raphanus sativus and Eleusine indica, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days after sowing (DAS). Trifloxysulfuron sodium were applied at the rates of 0, 3.75, 7.50 and 15.00 g/ha. Plant height and phytotoxicity visual symptoms were evaluated, and at 60 DAS, dry biomass yield was recorded. It was verified that all species survived the presence of trifloxysulfuron sodium in soil, even when the herbicide was applied twice the recommended rate (15.00 g/ha). However, the species M. deeringiana, D. lablab, C. juncea and S. guianensis were the most tolerant to the herbicide, indicating their potential for use in trifloxysulfuron sodium phytoremediation programmes in soils..

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