INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 22 (LEGACY D) RESISTANT HAIRY FLEABANE
(Conyza bonariensis)


PS I Electron Diversion HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)

South Africa, Western Cape
INTRODUCTION HAIRY FLEABANE
Hairy Fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) is a dicot weed in the Asteraceae family.  In South Africa this weed first evolved resistance to Group 22 (Legacy D) herbicides in 2003 and infests Grapes, and Orchards.   Group 22 (Legacy D) herbicides are known as PS I Electron Diversion (PSI Electron Diversion ).  Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to paraquat and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 22 (Legacy D) herbicides.

The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

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QUIK STATS (last updated Aug 04, 2003 )

Common NameHairy Fleabane
SpeciesConyza bonariensis
GroupPS I Electron Diversion HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)
Herbicidesparaquat
LocationSouth Africa, Western Cape
Year2003
Situation(s)Grapes, and Orchards
Contributors - (Alphabetically)Andrew Cairns 
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

GENERAL

Andrew Cairns

Paraquat-resistant Conyza bonariensis in the Western Cape.

In January 2003 reports were received from the Breede Valley (about 100km north east of Cape Town) of glyphosate failing to control Conyza bonariensis at registered dosage rates. During the course of these investigations paraquat was evaluated as an alternative treatment to control the glyphosate-resistant weeds. It soon became clear that several of the control populations evaluated, which were susceptible to glyphosate, were resistant to paraquat. A paraquat dose response pot trial was carried out on one of these populations. Dosage rates applied were 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, 2.4, 3.0, 3.6, 4.2, and 4.8 kg a.i. paraquat ha-1. Seed was collected on the University of Stellenbosch’s experimental farm, Welgevallen which is situated about 40km from Cape Town. A population originating from seed collected at Goudini in the Breede Valley was used as a control. The trial was carried out on transplants in the rosette growth stage. Four replications of 4 plants per pot were used. From Table 1. it is clear that the Welgevallen population was resistant to paraquat. Virtually no dose response was observed in the Welgevallen population. The Goudini control population was well controlled by paraquat.

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GENERAL

Andrew Cairns

1. Dose response of two Western Cape populations of Conyza bonariensis to paraquat.

Treatment Population
(kg a.i. paraquat ha-1) Control (%) Goudini Welgevallen
Control 0 0
0.6 96 25
1.2 100 31
1.8 100 38
2.4 100 44
3.0 100 25
3.6 100 44
4.2 100 19
4.8 100 31

Provisional screening of 12 C. bonariensis populations from the Western Cape showed that 7 of them showed significant resistance to paraquat. Generally speaking, all populations evaluated were controlled by either paraquat or glyphosate. However, one Breede Valley population appeared to be resistant to both herbicides. This population is the subject of further investigation.

A.L.P. Cairns
Department of Agronomy University of Stellenbosch

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Field, and Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible Hairy Fleabane biotype with this Hairy Fleabane biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.
 
Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 22 resistant Hairy Fleabane have not been reported to the site.  There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature
 
Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database.  If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.
 
Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes.  If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 22 (Legacy D) resistant Hairy Fleabane from South Africa please update the database.
 
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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

ANDREW CAIRNS
University Of Stellenbosch
Department Of Agronomy
Land Resources& Environmental Sci Dept
334 Leon Johnson Hall,
Matieland, 7602
South Africa
Email Andrew Cairns

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in South Africa have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Andrew Cairns for providing detailed information.
Herbicide Resistant Hairy Fleabane Globally
(Conyza bonariensis)
Herbicide Resistant Hairy Fleabane Globally
(Conyza bonariensis)
Drag a column header and drop it here to group by that column
Herbicide Resistant Hairy Fleabane Globally
(Conyza bonariensis)
#CountryFirstYearSituationActive IngredientsSite of Action
1 ArgentinaArgentina 2012 Soybean glyphosate 48 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
60Conyza bonariensisHairy Fleabane17100
2 Australia (New South Wales ) AustraliaNew South Wales 2010 Industrial sites, and Roadsides glyphosate 1 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
60Conyza bonariensisHairy Fleabane5512
3 Australia (Queensland) AustraliaQueensland2011 Roadsides glyphosate 1 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
60Conyza bonariensisHairy Fleabane5604
4 Australia (South Australia) AustraliaSouth Australia2011 Roadsides glyphosate 1 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
60Conyza bonariensisHairy Fleabane5605
5 Australia (New South Wales ) AustraliaNew South Wales 2016 Grapes paraquat 1 PS I Electron Diversion ( HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)
60Conyza bonariensisHairy Fleabane13045
6 BrazilBrazil 2005 Corn (maize), Fruit, Soybean, and Wheat glyphosate 5 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
60Conyza bonariensisHairy Fleabane5264
7 ColombiaColombia 2006 Coffee glyphosate 10 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
60Conyza bonariensisHairy Fleabane5295
8 EgyptEgypt 1989 Unspecified paraquat 15 PS I Electron Diversion ( HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)
60Conyza bonariensisHairy Fleabane383
9 GreeceGreece 2010 Grapes, Olive, and Orchards glyphosate 19 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
60Conyza bonariensisHairy Fleabane5590
10 IsraelIsrael 1993 Forests, and Industrial sites atrazine, and simazine 23 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
60Conyza bonariensisHairy Fleabane102
11 IsraelIsrael 1993 Forests, and Industrial sites chlorsulfuron 23 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
60Conyza bonariensisHairy Fleabane103
12 IsraelIsrael 2005 Roadsides glyphosate 23 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
60Conyza bonariensisHairy Fleabane5464
13 JapanJapan 1989 Roadsides diquat, and paraquat 25 PS I Electron Diversion ( HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)
60Conyza bonariensisHairy Fleabane128
14 JordanJordan 2022 Palm oil oxadiazon, oxyfluorfen, and paraquat 55 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
PS I Electron Diversion ( HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)
Inhibition of Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase ( HRAC Group 14 (Legacy E)
60Conyza bonariensisHairy Fleabane27269
15 PortugalPortugal 2010 Orchards glyphosate 34 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
60Conyza bonariensisHairy Fleabane5539
16 South AfricaSouth Africa 2003 Grapes, and Orchards paraquat 37 PS I Electron Diversion ( HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)
60Conyza bonariensisHairy Fleabane5191
17 South AfricaSouth Africa 2003 Grapes, and Orchards glyphosate 37 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
60Conyza bonariensisHairy Fleabane5192
18 SpainSpain 1987 Orchards simazine 38 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
60Conyza bonariensisHairy Fleabane181
19 SpainSpain 2004 Orchards glyphosate 38 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
60Conyza bonariensisHairy Fleabane5223
20 SwitzerlandSwitzerland 2020 Grapes glyphosate 41 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
60Conyza bonariensisHairy Fleabane24247
21 United States (California) United StatesCalifornia2007 Roadsides glyphosate 45 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
60Conyza bonariensisHairy Fleabane5310
22 United States (California) United StatesCalifornia2009 Corn (maize), Grapes, Orchards, and Roadsides glyphosate, and paraquat 45 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
PS I Electron Diversion ( HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
60Conyza bonariensisHairy Fleabane5390
23 United States (Oregon) United StatesOregon2023 Fallow, and Wheat glyphosate 45 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
60Conyza bonariensisHairy Fleabane27285
24 UruguayUruguay 2022 Corn (maize), and Soybean chlorimuron-ethyl, diclosulam, and glyphosate 73 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
60Conyza bonariensisHairy Fleabane27291
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