International Survey of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds

Countries Weeds Herbicides Mutations Graphs References Researchers
MULTIPLE RESISTANT GOOSEGRASS
(Eleusine indica)


Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

Brazil, Mato Grosso
INTRODUCTION GOOSEGRASS
Goosegrass (Eleusine indica) is a monocot weed in the Poaceae family.  In Brazil this weed first evolved multiple resistance (to 2 herbicide sites of action) in 2017 and infests Beans, Corn (maize), Cotton, and Soybean.  Multiple resistance has evolved to herbicides in the Groups 1 (Legacy A), and Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G).  These particular biotypes are known to have resistance to fenoxaprop-ethyl, glyphosate, and haloxyfop-methyl and they may be cross-resistant to other herbicides in the Groups 1 (Legacy A), and Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G).

The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

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QUIK STATS (last updated Dec 08, 2017 )

Common NameGoosegrass
SpeciesEleusine indica
GroupInhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
Herbicidesfenoxaprop-ethyl, glyphosate, and haloxyfop-methyl
LocationBrazil, Mato Grosso
Year2017
Situation(s)Beans, Corn (maize), Cotton, and Soybean
Contributors - (Alphabetically)Núbia Correia 
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

ONGOING RESEARCH

Núbia Correia

THE FOLLOWING ARE THE ONGOING RESEARCH TEAM FOR THIS CASE.

NÚBIA CORREIA
Researcher
Embrapa
Weed Science
Embrapa Vegetable
Rodovia Brasilia/Anápolis BR 060 km 09
Brasília, 70359-970, Distrito Federal
Brazil : Email Núbia Correia
Web   : Web Site Link

RICARDO VICTORIA FILHO
Vice-Head - Full Professor
Universidade de Sao Paulo
Crop Science Department
ESALQ - USP - LPV - Av. Padua Dias 11 - C. Postal 09
Piracicaba, 13418-900, São Paulo
Brazil

E-mail: rvictori@usp.br

LUCAS ARAÚJO
Agronomist
University of São Paulo, College of Agriculture "Luiz de Queiroz"
Weed Science
Street Edu Chaves 360
Piracicaba, 13418-900, São Paulo
Brazil

Email Lucas Araújo

RONI BUENO
Estudante
Faculdade Promove Icesp Brasilia
Weed Science
Rua 8, Casa 12
quadra 12
Luziânia, 72814570, Goiás
Brazil

Email Roni Bueno
Web   : Web Site Link

 

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ONGOING RESEARCH

Núbia Correia

Update 2018: CLETHODIM resistance found.

A population of Eleusine indica with resistance to clethodim and glyphosate has been found.

Importance of Eleusine indica multiple-resistance report

(Glyphosate, Clethodim and Haloxyfop-methyl)   Eleusine indica is one of the primary weeds in soybean crops in Brazil, and it has been reported as a problem on nearly 27 million hectares, in soybean area (Kynetec, 2023). Currently, the main herbicide used for controlling Eleusine indica are glyphosate and clethodim. When considering grass control in Brazil, clethodim represent over 70% of the graminicide market (Kynetec, 2023). Sixteen such alterations have been described so far, with the most notable observed at aminoacid positions 1781, 2027, 2041, 2078, and 2096 of the polypeptide chain, but also occur at positions 1999 and 2088. Each mutation confers cross resistance to a different group of herbicides (Takano et al. 2021). On the other hand, cross-resistance can also be correlated with non-target-site mechanism. Consequently, one Eleusine indica population may exhibit cross resistance to DIM and FOP herbicides, while another may not. Given the significance of clethodim in Brazilian agriculture, as it is the most commonly use ACCase inhibitor for Eleusine indica control in our country, it is imperative to report on resistance to alert growers to pay attention in Eleusine indica specie. Especially because, after the identification of Eleusine indica biotypes resistant to haloxyfop, farmers have been using almost exclusively clethodim to control this weed species. Additionally, it is essential to adopt different weed management practices as: use pre-emergent herbicide, use mixtures or sequential treatments of herbicides having different sites of action, crop rotation, cleaning farm equipment when moving between fields and the use cover crops.

References:  

Kynatec, Farm Trak TM Crop Protection: Herbicide soybean 22/23, 2023.  

Hudson Kagueyama Takano, Ramiro Fernando Lopez Ovejero , Gustavo Gross Belchior, Gizella Potrich Leal Maymone, Franck E. Dayan. ACCase-inhibiting herbicides: mechanism of action, resistance evolution and stewardship. Scientia Agricola, v.78, n.1, e20190102, 2021.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible Goosegrass biotype with this Goosegrass biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.
 
Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 1, 9 resistant Goosegrass have not been reported to the site.  There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature
 
Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database.  If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.
 
Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes.  If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of multiple resistant Goosegrass from Brazil please update the database.
 
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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

NÚBIA CORREIA
Researcher
Embrapa
Weed Science
Embrapa Vegetable
Rodovia Brasilia/Anápolis BR 060 km 09
Brasília, 70359-970, Distrito Federal
Brazil
Email Núbia Correia

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Brazil have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Núbia Correia for providing detailed information.
Herbicide Resistant Goosegrass Globally
(Eleusine indica)
Herbicide Resistant Goosegrass Globally
(Eleusine indica)
Drag a column header and drop it here to group by that column
Herbicide Resistant Goosegrass Globally
(Eleusine indica)
#CountryFirstYearSituationActive IngredientsSite of Action
1 ArgentinaArgentina 2012 Corn (maize), Fallow, and Soybean glyphosate 48 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
81Eleusine indicaGoosegrass5701
2 Australia (Queensland) AustraliaQueensland2015 Sugarcane for sugar paraquat 1 PS I Electron Diversion ( HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)
81Eleusine indicaGoosegrass11024
3 BoliviaBolivia 2005 Rice, Soybean, and Wheat clethodim, cyhalofop-butyl, fluazifop-butyl, and haloxyfop-methyl 4 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
81Eleusine indicaGoosegrass5412
4 BoliviaBolivia 2007 Soybean glyphosate 4 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
81Eleusine indicaGoosegrass7887
5 BrazilBrazil 2003 Soybean cyhalofop-butyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, and sethoxydim 5 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
81Eleusine indicaGoosegrass5245
6 BrazilBrazil 2016 Corn (maize), Soybean, and Wheat glyphosate 5 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
81Eleusine indicaGoosegrass13039
7 BrazilBrazil 2017 Beans, Corn (maize), Cotton, and Soybean fenoxaprop-ethyl, glyphosate, and haloxyfop-methyl 5 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
81Eleusine indicaGoosegrass17112
8 ChinaChina 2010 Unspecified paraquat 9 PS I Electron Diversion ( HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)
81Eleusine indicaGoosegrass5659
9 ChinaChina 2010 Orchards glyphosate 9 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
81Eleusine indicaGoosegrass5661
10 ColombiaColombia 2006 Coffee, and Corn (maize) glyphosate 10 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
81Eleusine indicaGoosegrass5365
11 ColombiaColombia 2016 Corn (maize) glyphosate, and paraquat 10 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
PS I Electron Diversion ( HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
81Eleusine indicaGoosegrass18177
12 Costa RicaCosta Rica 1989 Industrial sites imazapyr 11 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
81Eleusine indicaGoosegrass73
13 Costa RicaCosta Rica 2010 Pejibaye palm glyphosate 11 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
81Eleusine indicaGoosegrass7884
14 IndonesiaIndonesia 2012 Oil Palm Nursery glyphosate, and paraquat 22 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
PS I Electron Diversion ( HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
81Eleusine indicaGoosegrass11020
15 IndonesiaIndonesia 2012 Corn (maize) paraquat 22 PS I Electron Diversion ( HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)
81Eleusine indicaGoosegrass13034
16 ItalyItaly 2019 Nurseries glyphosate 24 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
81Eleusine indicaGoosegrass18208
17 JapanJapan 2013 Rice Paddy Levee glyphosate 25 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
81Eleusine indicaGoosegrass10998
18 MalaysiaMalaysia 1990 Cropland, and Vegetables fluazifop-butyl, and propaquizafop 28 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
81Eleusine indicaGoosegrass133
19 MalaysiaMalaysia 1990 Vegetables paraquat 28 PS I Electron Diversion ( HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)
81Eleusine indicaGoosegrass140
20 MalaysiaMalaysia 1997 Orchards fluazifop-butyl, and glyphosate 28 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
81Eleusine indicaGoosegrass1125
21 MalaysiaMalaysia 2009 Vegetables glufosinate-ammonium, and paraquat 28 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
PS I Electron Diversion ( HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)
Inhibition of Glutamine Synthetase ( HRAC Group 10 (Legacy H)
81Eleusine indicaGoosegrass7873
22 MalaysiaMalaysia 2009 Oil Palm Nursery butroxydim, fluazifop-butyl, glufosinate-ammonium, glyphosate, haloxyfop-methyl, and paraquat 28 Multiple Resistance: 4 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
PS I Electron Diversion ( HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
Inhibition of Glutamine Synthetase ( HRAC Group 10 (Legacy H)
81Eleusine indicaGoosegrass9927
23 MexicoMexico 2016 Oranges glyphosate 29 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
81Eleusine indicaGoosegrass18194
24 United States (North Carolina) United StatesNorth Carolina1973 Cotton trifluralin 45 Inhibition of Microtubule Assembly ( HRAC Group 3 (Legacy K1)
81Eleusine indicaGoosegrass258
25 United States (South Carolina) United StatesSouth Carolina1974 Cotton, and Soybean trifluralin 45 Inhibition of Microtubule Assembly ( HRAC Group 3 (Legacy K1)
81Eleusine indicaGoosegrass266
26 United States (Alabama) United StatesAlabama1987 Cotton trifluralin 45 Inhibition of Microtubule Assembly ( HRAC Group 3 (Legacy K1)
81Eleusine indicaGoosegrass223
27 United States (Tennessee) United StatesTennessee1988 Cotton, Golf courses, and Turf pendimethalin, prodiamine, and trifluralin 45 Inhibition of Microtubule Assembly ( HRAC Group 3 (Legacy K1)
81Eleusine indicaGoosegrass1103
28 United States (Arkansas) United StatesArkansas1989 Cotton, and Cropland trifluralin 45 Inhibition of Microtubule Assembly ( HRAC Group 3 (Legacy K1)
81Eleusine indicaGoosegrass400
29 United States (Georgia) United StatesGeorgia1992 Cotton, Golf courses, and Turf trifluralin 45 Inhibition of Microtubule Assembly ( HRAC Group 3 (Legacy K1)
81Eleusine indicaGoosegrass1043
30 United States (Mississippi) United StatesMississippi1994 Cotton pendimethalin, and trifluralin 45 Inhibition of Microtubule Assembly ( HRAC Group 3 (Legacy K1)
81Eleusine indicaGoosegrass255
31 United States (Florida) United StatesFlorida1996 Tomatoes paraquat 45 PS I Electron Diversion ( HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)
81Eleusine indicaGoosegrass5053
32 United States (Hawaii) United StatesHawaii2003 Turf metribuzin 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
81Eleusine indicaGoosegrass5533
33 United States (Mississippi) United StatesMississippi2010 Cotton glyphosate 45 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
81Eleusine indicaGoosegrass5503
34 United States (Tennessee) United StatesTennessee2011 Soybean glyphosate 45 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
81Eleusine indicaGoosegrass5549
35 United States (North Carolina) United StatesNorth Carolina2015 Golf courses oxadiazon 45 Inhibition of Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase ( HRAC Group 14 (Legacy E)
81Eleusine indicaGoosegrass15072
36 United States (Virginia) United StatesVirginia2015 Golf courses oxadiazon 45 Inhibition of Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase ( HRAC Group 14 (Legacy E)
81Eleusine indicaGoosegrass15073
37 United States (Alabama) United StatesAlabama2019 Tomatoes paraquat 45 PS I Electron Diversion ( HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)
81Eleusine indicaGoosegrass18191
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