Herbicide Resistant Weeds

GROUP G/9 RESISTANT HAIRY FLEABANE (Conyza bonariensis)
USA: California

Saturday, July 31, 2010

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Hairy Fleabane

1.	Introduction
2.	Level of Infestation
3.	Quick Statistics
4.	Notes about this biotype
5.	Academic Aspects
6.	R Hairy Fleabane Globally
7.	Fact Sheets and Literature
8.	Contributing Weed Scientists
9.	Acknowledgements
10.	Where to now?

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Introduction

Level of Infestation

Hairy Fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) is a dicot weed in the Asteraceae family. In California this weed first evolved resistance to Group G/9 herbicides in 2007 and infests roadsides. Group G/9 herbicides are known as Glycines (Inhibition of EPSP synthase). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to glyphosate and they may be cross-resistant to other Group G/9 herbicides.

Local weed scientists estimate that Group G/9 resistant Hairy Fleabane in California infests 2-5 sites. They also estimate that there are unknown acres infested with Group G/9 resistant Hairy Fleabane.

The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their mode of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS ( last updated Aug 15, 2007 )
Common Name	Hairy Fleabane
Species	Conyza bonariensis
Group	Glycines (G/9)
Herbicides	glyphosate
Location	USA, California
Year	2007
Situation(s)	roadsides
Sites	2-5
Acres Infested	unknown
Contributors	Brad Hanson, Kurt Hembree, and Anil Shrestha
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

GENERAL

Anil Shrestha

A greenhouse experiment was conducted in April-August, 2007 at the University of California, Kearney Agricultural Center, Parlier, CA. The experiment was conducted by Anil Shrestha, UCIPM, Parlier; Brad Hanson, USDA-ARS, Parlier; and Kurt Hembree, UCCE, Fresno. The experiment was a completely randomized design with five replications. The experiment was repeated. Seeds of Conyza bonariensis were collected from Fresno, Davis, and Reedley, CA. Plants grown from these seeds were subjected to 0, 0.22, 0.43, 0.87, 1.74, 3.47, 6.94, and 13.89 kg ae/ha of glyphosate (Roundup Weathermax) at the 8-15 leaf stage (experiment 1) and 18-25 leaf stage (experiment 2). The plants from Fresno and Davis did not survive the 0.87 kg ae/ha or higher doses whereas, the plants from Reedley survived up to the 6.94 kg ae/ha dose. A couple of plants from Reedley even survived the 13.89 kg ae/ha dose. Evaluations were taken 14 days after spraying and a plant was considered dead if it had no green tissue remaining. Dry mass data was also taken. A full report on this study will be available soon.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible Hairy Fleabane biotype with this Hairy Fleabane biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

The genetic basis of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the genetic inheritance of this biotype please update the database.

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group G/9 resistant Hairy Fleabane from California please update the database.

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HERBICIDE RESISTANT HAIRY FLEABANE GLOBALLY
#	Country	Year	Sites	Acres	Mode of Action
1.	Brazil	2005	11-50	101-500	Glycines (G/9)
2.	Brazil	2005	6-10	51-100	Glycines (G/9)
3.	Colombia	2006	2-5	51-100	Glycines (G/9)
4.	Egypt	1989	unknown	unknown	Bipyridiliums (D/22)
5.	Israel	1993	2-5	101-500	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
6.	Israel	1993	2-5	101-500	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
7.	Israel	2005	51-100	1001-10000	Glycines (G/9)
8.	Japan	1989	6-10	1-5	Bipyridiliums (D/22)
9.	South Africa	2003	6-10	101-500	Bipyridiliums (D/22)
10.	South Africa	2003	2-5	11-50	Glycines (G/9)
11.	Spain	1987	2-5	11-50	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
12.	Spain	2004	6-10	1001-10000	Glycines (G/9)
13.	USA (California)	2007	2-5	unknown	Glycines (G/9)
14.	USA (California) Multiple Resistance	2009	2-5	unknown	Bipyridiliums (D/22) Glycines (G/9)

FACT SHEETS AND OTHER LITERATURE	Format
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Scientific Abstracts on Herbicide Resistant Conyza bonariensis
Interactions of cations with paraquat in leaf sections of resistant and sensitive biotypes of Conyza bonariensis.
Norman, M. A. and E. Fuerst P. 1997. Interactions of cations with paraquat in leaf sections of resistant and sensitive biotypes of Conyza bonariensis. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 57: 181-191.
Response of beans and hairy fleabane leaves to ozone and paraquat with and without the antiozonant, ethylenediurea.
Mersie, W., H. A. Norman, and P. Pillai. 1994. Response of beans and hairy fleabane leaves to ozone and paraquat with and without the antiozonant, ethylenediurea. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 34: 379-383.
Constitutive variation of ascorbate peroxidase activity during development parallels that of superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase in paraquat-resistant Conyza.
Ye, B. and J. Gressel. 1994. Constitutive variation of ascorbate peroxidase activity during development parallels that of superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase in paraquat-resistant Conyza. Plant Science Limerick. 102: 147-151.
Developmental variability of photooxidative stress tolerance in paraquat-resistant Conyza.
Amsellem, Z., M. A. K. Jansen, A. R. J. Driesenaar, and J. Gressel. 1993. Developmental variability of photooxidative stress tolerance in paraquat-resistant Conyza. Plant Physiology. 103: 1097-1106.
Evaluation of paraquat resistance mechanisms in Conyza.
Norman, M. A., E. P. Fuerst, R. J. Smeda, and K. C. Vaughn. 1993. Evaluation of paraquat resistance mechanisms in Conyza. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 46: 236-249.
Photosynthetic activity and chloroplast structural characteristics in triazine-resistant biotypes of three weed species.
Prado, R. de, C. Dominguez, I. Rodriguez, M. Tena, and R. De Prado. 1992. Photosynthetic activity and chloroplast structural characteristics in triazine-resistant biotypes of three weed species. Physiologia Plantarum. 84: 477-485.
Resistance to the herbicide paraquat and increased tolerance to photoinhibition are not correlated in several weed species.
Preston, C., J. A. M. Holtum, and S. B. Powles. 1991. Resistance to the herbicide paraquat and increased tolerance to photoinhibition are not correlated in several weed species. Plant Physiology. 96: 314-318.
Characterization of triazine-resistant biotypes of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), hairy fleabane (Conyza bonaeriensis), and yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca) found in Spain.
Prado, R. de, C. Dominguez, and M. Tena. 1989. Characterization of triazine-resistant biotypes of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), hairy fleabane (Conyza bonaeriensis), and yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca) found in Spain. Weed Science. 37: 1-4.
Increased tolerance to photoinhibitory light in paraquat-resistant Conyza bonariensis measured by photoacoustic spectroscopy and 14CO2-fixation.
Jansen, M. A. K., Y. Shaaltiel, D. Kazzes, O. Canaani, S. Malkin, and J. Gressel. 1989. Increased tolerance to photoinhibitory light in paraquat-resistant Conyza bonariensis measured by photoacoustic spectroscopy and 14CO2-fixation. Plant Physiology. 91: 1174-1178.
Triazine-resistant weeds found in Spain.
De Prado, R., C. Dominguez, M. Tena, R. Prado de, R. Cavalloro (ed.), and G. Noye (ed.). 1989. Triazine-resistant weeds found in Spain. Importance and perspectives on herbicide-resistant weeds. Proceedings of a meeting of the EC Experts' Group, Tollose, Denmark, 15-17 November 1988. 11561: 67-79.
Lack of cross-resistance of paraquat-resistant hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) to other toxic oxygen generators indicates enzymatic protection is not the resistance mechanism.
Vaughn, K. C., M. A. Vaughan, and P. Camilleri. 1989. Lack of cross-resistance of paraquat-resistant hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) to other toxic oxygen generators indicates enzymatic protection is not the resistance mechanism. Weed Science. 37: 5-11.
Dominant pleiotropy controls enzymes co-segregating with paraquat resistance in Conyza bonariensis.
Shaaltiel, Y., N. H. Chua, S. Gepstein, and J. Gressel. 1988. Dominant pleiotropy controls enzymes co-segregating with paraquat resistance in Conyza bonariensis. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 75: 850-856.
Cross tolerance to herbicidal and environmental oxidants of plant biotypes tolerant to paraquat, sulfur dioxide, and ozone.
Shaaltiel, Y., A. Glazer, P. F. Bocion, and J. Gressel. 1988. Cross tolerance to herbicidal and environmental oxidants of plant biotypes tolerant to paraquat, sulfur dioxide, and ozone. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 31: 13-23.
Kinetic analysis of resistance to paraquat in Conyza. Evidence that paraquat transiently inhibits leaf chloroplast reactions in resistant plants.
Shaaltiel, Y. and J. Gressel. 1987. Kinetic analysis of resistance to paraquat in Conyza. Evidence that paraquat transiently inhibits leaf chloroplast reactions in resistant plants. Plant Physiology. 85: 869-871.
Biochemical analysis of paraquat resistance in Conyza leads to pinpointing synergists for oxidant generating herbicides.
Shaaltiel, Y., J. Gressel, R. Greenhalgh (ed.), and T. R. Roberts. 1987. Biochemical analysis of paraquat resistance in Conyza leads to pinpointing synergists for oxidant generating herbicides. Proceedings of the 6th international congress of pesticide chemistry, Pesticide science and biotechnology. : 183-186.
Structural and physiological studies of paraquat-resistant Conyza.
Vaughn, K. C. and E. P. Fuerst. 1985. Structural and physiological studies of paraquat-resistant Conyza. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 24: 86-94.
Paraquat resistance in Conyza.
Fuerst, E. P., H. Y. Nakatani, A. D. Dodge, D. Penner, and C. J. Arntzen. 1985. Paraquat resistance in Conyza. Plant Physiology. 77: 984-989.
Mechanism of paraquat tolerance in Conyza bonariensis and in Lolium perenne.
Shaaltiel, Y. and J. Gressel. 1985. Mechanism of paraquat tolerance in Conyza bonariensis and in Lolium perenne. Phytoparasitica. 13: 232.

CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

BRAD HANSON	Edit
University of California, Davis Department of Plant Sciences MS-4 276 Robbins Hall Davis, 91616, California USA Email Brad Hanson

KURT HEMBREE	Edit
Farm Advisor University of California Cooperative Extension Ag and Natural Resources 1720 S. Maple Ave. Fresno, 93702, California USA Email Kurt Hembree Web : Web Site Link

ANIL SHRESTHA	Edit
Associate Professor - Weed Science California State University Dept. of Plant Science 2415 E. San Ramon Ave. MS A/S72 Fresno, 93740, California USA Email Anil Shrestha

Acknowledgements

Where to now?

The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The North American Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, the Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in California have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Brad Hanson, Kurt Hembree, and Anil Shrestha for providing detailed information.

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