Herbicide Resistant Weeds

GROUP C1/5 RESISTANT REDROOT PIGWEED (Amaranthus retroflexus)
Yugoslavia

Tuesday, September 07, 2010

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Redroot Pigweed

1.	Introduction
2.	Level of Infestation
3.	Quick Statistics
4.	Notes about this biotype
5.	Academic Aspects
6.	R Redroot Pigweed Globally
7.	Fact Sheets and Literature
8.	Contributing Weed Scientists
9.	Acknowledgements
10.	Where to now?

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Introduction

Level of Infestation

Redroot Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) is a dicot weed in the Amaranthaceae family. In Yugoslavia this weed first evolved resistance to Group C1/5 herbicides in 1999 and infests corn. Group C1/5 herbicides are known as Photosystem II inhibitors (Inhibition of photosynthesis at photosystem II). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to atrazine and they may be cross-resistant to other Group C1/5 herbicides.

There is no information recorded in the database on the distribution or level of infestation of Group C1/5 resistant Redroot Pigweed from Yugoslavia. If you have some information on this please add it to the database.

The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their mode of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS ( last updated Apr 27, 2001 )
Common Name	Redroot Pigweed
Species	Amaranthus retroflexus
Group	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
Herbicides	atrazine
Location	Yugoslavia, Vojvodina
Year	1999
Situation(s)	corn
Sites	unknown
Acres Infested	unknown
Contributors	Branko Konstantinovic
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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Field, Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Redroot Pigweed biotype with this Redroot Pigweed biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

The genetic basis of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the genetic inheritance of this biotype please update the database.

Mechanism of Resistance

Studies on the mechanism of resistance of Group C1/5 resistant Redroot Pigweed from Yugoslavia indicate that resistance is due to an altered target site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the mechanism of resistance in the "Fact Sheets and Other Literature"

Relative Fitness

Triazine resistant weeds often exhibit a lower relative fitness when compared to susceptible biotypes. The most common mutation conferring triazine resistance (Ser 264 to Gly mutation of the psbA gene) also causes a reduction in CO₂ fixation, quantum yield, and seed and biomass production. There is no record in this database referring specifically to fitness studies on Group C1/5 resistant Redroot Pigweed from Yugoslavia.

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HERBICIDE RESISTANT REDROOT PIGWEED GLOBALLY
#	Country	Year	Sites	Acres	Mode of Action
1.	Bulgaria	1984	11-50	1001-10000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
2.	Bulgaria	1984	2-5	1-5	Ureas and amides (C2/7)
3.	Canada (Ontario)	1980	501-1000	501-1000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
4.	Canada (Ontario)	1998	6-10	501-1000	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
5.	Canada (Ontario)	2001	1	unknown	Ureas and amides (C2/7)
6.	Canada (Quebec)	2001	1	unknown	Ureas and amides (C2/7)
7.	Canada (Manitoba)	2002	1	51-100	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
8.	Canada (Ontario)	2005	1	51-100	Nitriles and others (C3/6)
9.	China	1990	501-1000	101-500	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
10.	Czech Republic	1985	501-1000	1001-10000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
11.	France	1980	unknown	unknown	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
12.	Germany Multiple Resistance	1980	51-100	51-100	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5) Ureas and amides (C2/7)
13.	Greece	2000	2-5	11-50	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
14.	Israel	1991	2-5	11-50	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
15.	Italy	1999	1	51-100	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
16.	Italy	2003	1	51-100	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
17.	Poland	1991	51-100	unknown	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
18.	Spain	1986	6-10	unknown	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
19.	Switzerland	1982	51-100	101-500	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
20.	USA (Indiana)	1980	501-1000	1001-10000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
21.	USA (Colorado)	1982	501-1000	1001-10000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
22.	USA (Connecticut)	1984	501-1000	10001-100000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
23.	USA (New Hampshire)	1984	11-50	501-1000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
24.	USA (Maine)	1985	51-100	1001-10000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
25.	USA (Minnesota)	1991	1	11-50	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
26.	USA (Vermont)	1991	51-100	1001-10000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
27.	USA (Virginia)	1993	unknown	unknown	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
28.	USA (Oregon)	1994	6-10	101-500	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
29.	USA (Arkansas)	1995	unknown	unknown	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
30.	USA (Kansas)	1995	unknown	unknown	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
31.	USA (Maryland)	1998	unknown	unknown	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
32.	USA (Pennsylvania) Multiple Resistance	1998	2-5	501-1000	ALS inhibitors (B/2) Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
33.	USA (North Dakota)	1999	1	1-5	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
34.	USA (Michigan) Multiple Resistance	2001	6-10	51-100	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5) Ureas and amides (C2/7)
35.	USA (Idaho)	2005	2-5	501-1000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
36.	Yugoslavia	1999	unknown	unknown	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
37.	Yugoslavia	2002	unknown	unknown	ALS inhibitors (B/2)

FACT SHEETS AND OTHER LITERATURE	Format
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Scientific Abstracts on Herbicide Resistant Amaranthus retroflexus
Mutations in ALS confer herbicide resistance in redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) and Powell amaranth (Amaranthus powellii).
McNaughton, K. E., J. Letarte, E. A. Lee, and F. J. Tardif. 2005. Mutations in ALS confer herbicide resistance in redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) and Powell amaranth (Amaranthus powellii). Weed Science. 53: 17-22.
An italian population of Amaranthus retroflexus resistant to ALS-inhibiting herbicides: resistance pattern and molecular basis.
Scarabel L., Varotto S., and Sattin M. 2005. An italian population of Amaranthus retroflexus resistant to ALS-inhibiting herbicides: resistance pattern and molecular basis. 13th EWRS Symposium. : Abstr. 202.
Sulfometuron-resistant Amaranthus retroflexus : cross-resistance and molecular basis for resistance to acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides.
Sibony, M.; Michel, A.; Haas, H. U.; Rubin, B.; Hurle, K. 2001. Sulfometuron-resistant Amaranthus retroflexus : cross-resistance and molecular basis for resistance to acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides. Weed Research. 41: 509-522.
Mutations in the ALS gene confering resistance to group II herbicides in redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) and green pigweed (A. powellii).
McNaughton, K. E., E. Lee A., and F. Tardif J. 2001. Mutations in the ALS gene confering resistance to group II herbicides in redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) and green pigweed (A. powellii). Weed Science Society of America Abstracts. 41: 97.
Metribuzin resistance in Amaranthus retroflexus and Chenopodium album in Greece.
Eleftherohorinos, I. G., I. Vasilakoglou B., and K. Dhima V. 2000. Metribuzin resistance in Amaranthus retroflexus and Chenopodium album in Greece. Weed Science. 48: 69-74.
Amaranthus retroflexus L. (code: AMARE).: Amaranthus retroflexus L. Amaranto comune o blito (codice: AMARE).
Campagna, G. and G. Rapparini. 1997. Amaranthus retroflexus L. (code: AMARE).: Amaranthus retroflexus L. Amaranto comune o blito (codice: AMARE). Informatore Agrario. 53: 68.
Herbicide cross-resistance in atrazine-resistant velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus).
Dabaan, M. E., K. Garbutt, H. Brown (ed.), G. W. Cussans (ed.), M. D. Devine (ed.), S. O. Duke (ed.), C. Fernandez Quintanilla (ed.), A. Helweg (ed.), R. E. Labrada (ed.), M. Landes (ed.), P. Kudsk (ed.), and J. C. Streibig. 1996. Herbicide cross-resistance in atrazine-resistant velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus). Proceedings of the second international weed control congress, Copenhagen, Denmark, 25-28 June 1996. 1-4: 505-510.
Molecular survey of Polish resistant biotypes of weeds.
Gadamski, G., D. Ciarka, S. W. Gawronski, H. Brown (ed.), G. W. Cussans (ed.), M. D. Devine (ed.), S. O. Duke (ed.), C. Fernandez Quintanilla (ed.), A. Helweg (ed.), R. E. Labrada (ed.), M. Landes (ed.), P. Kudsk (ed.), and J. C. Streibig. 1996. Molecular survey of Polish resistant biotypes of weeds. Proceedings of the second international weed control congress, Copenhagen, Denmark, 25-28 June 1996. 1-4: 547-550.
Physiological and biochemical characteristics in triazine resistant biotypes of four Amaranthus species.
Dominguez, C., M. Tena, R. Prado de, and R. De Prado. 1994. Physiological and biochemical characteristics in triazine resistant biotypes of four Amaranthus species. Journal of Plant Physiology. 143: 632-636.
Lipid composition and chloroplast ultrastructure in triazine resistant biotypes of Amaranthus species.
Dominguez, C., M. Tena, I. Rodriguez, R. Prado de, and R. De Prado. 1994. Lipid composition and chloroplast ultrastructure in triazine resistant biotypes of Amaranthus species. Journal of Plant Physiology. 143: 637-642.
Rapid diagnosis of ALS/AHAS-resistant weeds.
Gerwick, B. C., L. C. Mireles, and R. J. Eilers. 1993. Rapid diagnosis of ALS/AHAS-resistant weeds. Weed Technology. 7: 519-524.
Tolerance of cultured Amaranthus retroflexus cells to atrazine.
Shigematsu, Y., S. Chaicharoen, F. Sato, and Y. Yamada. 1993. Tolerance of cultured Amaranthus retroflexus cells to atrazine. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung. Section C, Biosciences. 48: 275-277.
Triazine resistance in biotypes of Solanum nigrum and four Amaranthus species found in Spain.
Prado, R. de, C. Dominguez, M. Tena, and R. De Prado. 1993. Triazine resistance in biotypes of Solanum nigrum and four Amaranthus species found in Spain. Weed Research. 33: 17-24.
Annual weed populations resistant to atrazine in Aragon.
Lopez, C., C. Lopez, S. Murillo, C. Zaragoza, R. Prado de, and R. De Prado. 1993. Annual weed populations resistant to atrazine in Aragon. Proceedings of the 1993 Congress of the Spanish Weed Science Society, Lugo, Spain, 1-3 December 1993. : 249-253.
The infraspecific structure of weeds in relation to herbicide resistance.
Juttersonke, B. and K. Arlt. 1992. The infraspecific structure of weeds in relation to herbicide resistance. Zeitschrift-fur-Pflanzenkrankheiten-und-Pflanzenschutz. 1992, presented at the 16th German conference on weed biology and control, held at Stuttgart-Hohenheim, Germany, on 10-12 March 1992. 13: 475-481.
Quantitative comparison of chloroplast ultrastructure in mesophyll cells of triazine resistant and triazine sensitive Amaranthus retroflexus L. plants.
Kutik, J. and E. Bergmannova. 1991. Quantitative comparison of chloroplast ultrastructure in mesophyll cells of triazine resistant and triazine sensitive Amaranthus retroflexus L. plants. Biologia Plantarum. 33: 510-512 + .
The problem of triazine resistance in annual weeds in maize and horticultural crops.
Kees, H. and A. Lutz. 1991. The problem of triazine resistance in annual weeds in maize and horticultural crops. Gesunde Pflanzen. 43: 216-220.
Structure-activity relationships of triazinone herbicides on resistant weeds and resistant Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
Oettmeier, W., U. Hilp, W. Draber, C. Fedtke, and R. R. Schmidt. 1991. Structure-activity relationships of triazinone herbicides on resistant weeds and resistant Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Pesticide Science. 33: 399-409.
A bioassay to measure the frequency of sulfonylurea resistance in weed populations.
Davis, E. S., P. K. Fay, and R. G. Lym. 1991. A bioassay to measure the frequency of sulfonylurea resistance in weed populations. Proceedings of the Western Society of Weed Science, Seattle, Washington, USA, 12-14 March 1991. 44: 26-27.
Control of triazine-resistant weeds in maize in southwest Poland.
Rola, J. and H. Rola. 1990. Control of triazine-resistant weeds in maize in southwest Poland. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz. 1990. 12: 509-514.
Triazine-resistant weeds found in Spain.
De Prado, R., C. Dominguez, M. Tena, R. Prado de, R. Cavalloro (ed.), and G. Noye (ed.). 1989. Triazine-resistant weeds found in Spain. Importance and perspectives on herbicide-resistant weeds. Proceedings of a meeting of the EC Experts' Group, Tollose, Denmark, 15-17 November 1988. 11561: 67-79.
Characterization of a triple (atrazine-pyrazon-pyridate) resistant biotype of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.).
Solymosi, P. and E. Lehoczki. 1989. Characterization of a triple (atrazine-pyrazon-pyridate) resistant biotype of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.). Journal of Plant Physiology. 4: 685-690.
Methods to determine the occurrence of weeds resistant to triazine herbicides in soil.
Zemanek, J. 1989. Methods to determine the occurrence of weeds resistant to triazine herbicides in soil. Sbornuk UVTUZ, Ochrana Rostlin. 25: 151-158.
Herbicide-resistant weeds and search for biocontrol agents in Yugoslavia.
Sovljanski, B., M. Arsenovic, Z. Klokocar Smit, V. Janjic, Z. Ostojic, R. Cavalloro (ed.), and G. Noye (ed.). 1989. Herbicide-resistant weeds and search for biocontrol agents in Yugoslavia. Importance and perspectives on herbicide-resistant weeds. Proceedings of a meeting of the EC Experts' Group, Tollose, Denmark, 15-17 November 1988. 11561: 153-160.
Co-resistance of atrazine-resistant Chenopodium and Amaranthus biotypes to other Photosystem II inhibiting herbicides.
Solymosi, P. and E. Lehoczki. 1989. Co-resistance of atrazine-resistant Chenopodium and Amaranthus biotypes to other Photosystem II inhibiting herbicides. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung. Section C, Biosciences. 44: 119-127.
Searching for atrazine resistant weed populations in Czechoslovakia.
Chodova, D. 1988. Searching for atrazine resistant weed populations in Czechoslovakia. Fragmenta Herbologica Jugoslavica. 17: 37-43.
Biological, ecological and cultural effects on the development and distribution of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.).
Bachthaler, G., A. Ullsperger, and H. Kees. 1988. Biological, ecological and cultural effects on the development and distribution of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.). Nachrichtenblatt des Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienstes. 40: 161-170.
Problems of herbicide-resistant weeds.
Mikulka, J. and D. Chodova. 1988. Problems of herbicide-resistant weeds. Agrochemia. 28: 207-212.
Inhibition of photosynthesis in intact plants of biotypes resistant or susceptible to atrazine and cross-resistant to other herbicides.
Oorschot, J. L. P. van, P. H. Leeuwen van, J. L. P. Van Oorschot, and P. H. Van Leeuwen. 1988. Inhibition of photosynthesis in intact plants of biotypes resistant or susceptible to atrazine and cross-resistant to other herbicides. Weed Research. 28: 223-230.
Characterization of triazine-resistant biotypes of Amaranthus spp. found in Spain.
Prado, R. de, C. Dominguez, and M. Tena. 1988. Characterization of triazine-resistant biotypes of Amaranthus spp. found in Spain. VIIIe Colloque International sur la Biologie, l'Ecologie et la Systematique des Mauvaises Herbes. 1: 247-256.
Using the Hill reaction to distinguish between atrazine-resistant and sensitive weed biotypes.
Kockova, M., D. Chodova, and J. Mikulka. 1988. Using the Hill reaction to distinguish between atrazine-resistant and sensitive weed biotypes. Agrochemia. 28: 87-90.
The development of triazine-resistant annual weeds in Bavaria and experience with their control.
Kees, H. 1988. The development of triazine-resistant annual weeds in Bavaria and experience with their control. Gesunde Pflanzen. 40: 407-414.
Occurrence of the triazine herbicide resistant populations of pale persicaria (Polygonum lapathifolium).
Mikulka, J., D. Chodova, and M. Kocova. 1988. Occurrence of the triazine herbicide resistant populations of pale persicaria (Polygonum lapathifolium). Sbornik Uvtiz, Ochrana Rostlin. 24: 297-302.
Photosystem II activity and triazine resistance in weeds.
Sinclair, J. and P. MacDonald. 1987. Photosystem II activity and triazine resistance in weeds. Canadian Journal of Botany. 65: 2147-2151.
New cases of co-resistance in weed stands resistant to atrazine.
Solymosi, P. and E. Lehoczki. 1987. New cases of co-resistance in weed stands resistant to atrazine. Novenyvedelem. 23: 439-444.
Emergence and growth rate of Amaranthus retroflexus biotypes sensitive and resistant to atrazine.
Zemanek, J. 1987. Emergence and growth rate of Amaranthus retroflexus biotypes sensitive and resistant to atrazine. Sbornik UVTIZ, Ochrana Rostlin. 23: 305-314.
Effect of herbicides on a resistant Amaranthus retroflexus biotype and on Echinochloa crus-galli.
Zemanek, J. 1987. Effect of herbicides on a resistant Amaranthus retroflexus biotype and on Echinochloa crus-galli. Agrochemia. 27: 367-371.
The effect of herbicides on resistant and sensitive biotypes of pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.).
Zemanek, J. 1986. The effect of herbicides on resistant and sensitive biotypes of pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.). Sbornik UVTIZ, Ochrana Rostlin. 22: 149-157.
Verification of the fluorescence method for determining redroot pigweed biotypes resistant to atrazine.
Chodova, D., J. Kral, and Z. Martinkova. 1986. Verification of the fluorescence method for determining redroot pigweed biotypes resistant to atrazine. Agrochemia. 26: 356-357.
Electrophoretic variation in triazine-resistant and susceptible populations of Amaranthus retroflexus L.
Warwick, S. I. and L. D. Black. 1986. Electrophoretic variation in triazine-resistant and susceptible populations of Amaranthus retroflexus L. New Phytologist. 104: 661-670.
1986 Survey of perennial weeds in Wisconsin.
Doll, J. D. and M. Visocky. 1986. 1986 Survey of perennial weeds in Wisconsin. Proceedings, North Central Weed Control Conference. 41: 64-74.
Detection of atrazine-resistant biotypes of pigweed and goosefoot by the fluorescence method.
Chodova, D., J. Kral, and J. Zemanek. 1986. Detection of atrazine-resistant biotypes of pigweed and goosefoot by the fluorescence method. Agrochemia. 26: 205-207.
Organization of the photosynthetic apparatus from triazine-resistant and -susceptible biotypes of several plant species.
Lemoine, Y., J. P. Dubacq, G. Zabulon, and J. M. Ducruet. 1986. Organization of the photosynthetic apparatus from triazine-resistant and -susceptible biotypes of several plant species. Canadian Journal of Botany. 64: 2999-3007.
Mapping of atrazine resistance for Amaranthus retroflexus L. in Hungary.
Solymosi, P. and S. Kostyal. 1985. Mapping of atrazine resistance for Amaranthus retroflexus L. in Hungary. Weed Research. 25: 411-414.
Aspects of the biology and control of pigweed (Amaranthus spp.) in New York.
Senesac, A. F. 1985. Aspects of the biology and control of pigweed (Amaranthus spp.) in New York. Dissertation Abstracts International, B Sciences and Engineering. 46: 1007.
The occurrence of populations of pigweeds (Amaranthus spp.) resistant to atrazine in Czechoslovakia.
Zemanek, J. and J. Mikulka. 1985. The occurrence of populations of pigweeds (Amaranthus spp.) resistant to atrazine in Czechoslovakia. Sbornik UVTIZ Ochrana Rostlin. 21: 39-46.
An altered concept of the model of the binding sites for triazine in Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Senecio vulgaris L.
Turcsanyi, G. 1984. An altered concept of the model of the binding sites for triazine in Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Senecio vulgaris L. Acta Botanica Hungarica. 30: 201-204.
Effects of inhibitors and diverters of photosynthetic electron transport on herbicide resistant and susceptible weed biotypes.
Fuerst, E. P. 1984. Effects of inhibitors and diverters of photosynthetic electron transport on herbicide resistant and susceptible weed biotypes. Dissertation Abstracts International, B Sciences and Engineering. 45: 1079-1080.
Morphological mutants in populations resistant to atrazine.
Solymosi, P. 1983. Morphological mutants in populations resistant to atrazine. Novenyvedelem. 19: 264.
Characteristics of herbicide binding sites in photosystem 2 in triazine-susceptible and -resistant Amaranthus retroflexus L. biotypes.
Turcsanyi, G. and A. Faludi Daniel. 1983. Characteristics of herbicide binding sites in photosystem 2 in triazine-susceptible and -resistant Amaranthus retroflexus L. biotypes. Photosynthetica. 17: 602-604.
Distribution of triazine-resistant weeds in Hungary and possibilities of control.
Torok, T. 1983. Distribution of triazine-resistant weeds in Hungary and possibilities of control. Novenyvedelem. 19: 263.
Comparative study of atrazine resistant populations of Amaranthus retroflexus from different locations in Hungary.
Solymosi, P. and E. Lehoczki. 1983. Comparative study of atrazine resistant populations of Amaranthus retroflexus from different locations in Hungary. Novenytermeles. 32: 427-435.
Evidence for two different herbicide binding proteins at the reducing side of photosystem II.
Oettmeier, W., K. Masson, C. Fedtke, J. Konze, R. R. Schmidt, J. Miyamoto (ed.), P. C. Kearney (ed.), S. Matsunaka (ed.), D. H. Hutson (ed.), and S. D. Murphy (ed.). 1983. Evidence for two different herbicide binding proteins at the reducing side of photosystem II. Pesticide chemistry: human welfare and the environment. Volume 3. Mode of action, metabolism and toxicology. : 91-96.
Weeds resistant to herbicides.
Voevodin, A. V. 1982. Weeds resistant to herbicides. Sel'skoe Khozyaistvo za Rubezhom. 8: 30-34.

CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

BRANKO KONSTANTINOVIC	Edit
Head Reasearcher University of Novi Sad Department of Environmental and Plant Protection Trg Dositeja Obradovica 8 Novi Sad, 21000, Yugoslavia Yugoslavia Email Branko Konstantinovic

Acknowledgements

Where to now?

The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, the Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Yugoslavia have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Branko Konstantinovic for providing detailed information.

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