Herbicide Resistant Weeds

GROUP A/1 RESISTANT WILD OAT (Avena fatua)
Canada: Saskatchewan

Tuesday, February 09, 2010

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Wild Oat

1.	Introduction
2.	Level of Infestation
3.	Quick Statistics
4.	Notes about this biotype
5.	Academic Aspects
6.	R Wild Oat Globally
7.	Fact Sheets and Literature
8.	Contributing Weed Scientists
9.	Acknowledgements
10.	Where to now?

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Introduction

Level of Infestation

Wild Oat (Avena fatua) is a monocot weed in the Poaceae family. In Saskatchewan this weed first evolved resistance to Group A/1 herbicides in 1990 and infests cropland. Group A/1 herbicides are known as ACCase inhibitors (Inhibition of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase)). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, and sethoxydim and they may be cross-resistant to other Group A/1 herbicides.

Local weed scientists estimate that Group A/1 resistant Wild Oat in Saskatchewan infests 1001-10000 sites and the number of sites are increasing. They also estimate that there are 2-5 million acres infested with Group A/1 resistant Wild Oat and the area infested is increasing.

The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their mode of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS ( last updated Dec 29, 2000 )
Common Name	Wild Oat
Species	Avena fatua
Group	ACCase inhibitors (A/1)
Herbicides	fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, and sethoxydim
Location	Canada, Saskatchewan
Year	1990
Situation(s)	cropland
Sites	1001-10000
Acres Infested	2-5 million
Contributors	Hugh Beckie
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

GENERAL

Hugh Beckie

Beckie, H. J., A. G. Thomas, A. Légère, D. J. Kelner, R. C. Van Acker, and S. Meers. 1999. Nature, occurrence, and cost of herbicide-resistant wild oat (Avena fatua) in small-grain production areas. Weed Technol. 13:612-625.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Wild Oat biotype with this Wild Oat biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

The genetic basis of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the genetic inheritance of this biotype please update the database.

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group A/1 resistant Wild Oat from Saskatchewan please update the database.

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HERBICIDE RESISTANT WILD OAT GLOBALLY
#	Country	Year	Sites	Acres	Mode of Action
1.	Australia (Western Australia)	1985	11-50	1001-10000	ACCase inhibitors (A/1)
2.	Australia (South Australia)	1988	51-100	1001-10000	ACCase inhibitors (A/1)
3.	Australia (New South Wales )	1991	11-50	501-1000	ACCase inhibitors (A/1)
4.	Belgium	1996	1	1-5	ACCase inhibitors (A/1)
5.	Canada (Alberta) Multiple Resistance	1989	1001-10000	1-2 million	Thiocarbamates and others (N/8) Unknown (Z/27)
6.	Canada (Manitoba)	1990	1001-10000	2-5 million	ACCase inhibitors (A/1)
7.	Canada (Saskatchewan)	1990	1001-10000	2-5 million	ACCase inhibitors (A/1)
8.	Canada (Alberta)	1991	101-500	10001-100000	ACCase inhibitors (A/1)
9.	Canada (Manitoba) Multiple Resistance	1994	51-100	1001-10000	ACCase inhibitors (A/1) ALS inhibitors (B/2) Arylaminopropionic acids (Z/25)
10.	Canada (Saskatchewan)	1996	1001-10000	100001-1000000	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
11.	Canada (Saskatchewan)	1996	1001-10000	100001-1000000	Thiocarbamates and others (N/8)
12.	Canada (Saskatchewan) Multiple Resistance	1996	1001-10000	100001-1000000	ACCase inhibitors (A/1) ALS inhibitors (B/2) Thiocarbamates and others (N/8)
13.	Canada (Manitoba)	1997	1001-10000	100001-1000000	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
14.	Canada (Manitoba)	1997	501-1000	100001-1000000	Thiocarbamates and others (N/8)
15.	Canada (Manitoba) Multiple Resistance	1997	6-10	1001-10000	ACCase inhibitors (A/1) ALS inhibitors (B/2) Thiocarbamates and others (N/8) Arylaminopropionic acids (Z/25)
16.	Canada (Alberta)	1998	11-50	1001-10000	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
17.	Canada (Alberta) Multiple Resistance	1998	11-50	1001-10000	ACCase inhibitors (A/1) ALS inhibitors (B/2) Thiocarbamates and others (N/8)
18.	Chile	1998	1	51-100	ACCase inhibitors (A/1)
19.	France	1996	11-50	101-500	ACCase inhibitors (A/1)
20.	Iran	2007	51-100	501-1000	ACCase inhibitors (A/1)
21.	Mexico	1998	11-50	1001-10000	ACCase inhibitors (A/1)
22.	South Africa Multiple Resistance	1986	2-5	51-100	ACCase inhibitors (A/1) ALS inhibitors (B/2)
23.	United Kingdom Multiple Resistance	1994	11-50	51-100	ACCase inhibitors (A/1) ALS inhibitors (B/2) Arylaminopropionic acids (Z/25)
24.	USA (Oregon)	1990	101-500	1001-10000	ACCase inhibitors (A/1)
25.	USA (Montana) Multiple Resistance	1990	501-1000	10001-100000	Thiocarbamates and others (N/8) Unknown (Z/27)
26.	USA (Montana)	1990	51-100	1001-10000	ACCase inhibitors (A/1)
27.	USA (Oregon)	1990	1	11-50	Dinitroanilines and others (K1/3)
28.	USA (Minnesota)	1991	51-100	1001-10000	ACCase inhibitors (A/1)
29.	USA (North Dakota)	1991	101-500	1001-10000	ACCase inhibitors (A/1)
30.	USA (Washington)	1991	51-100	1001-10000	ACCase inhibitors (A/1)
31.	USA (Idaho)	1992	11-50	1001-10000	ACCase inhibitors (A/1)
32.	USA (Idaho) Multiple Resistance	1993	51-100	10001-100000	Thiocarbamates and others (N/8) Unknown (Z/27)
33.	USA (Montana)	1996	2-5	11-50	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
34.	USA (North Dakota)	1996	2-5	501-1000	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
35.	USA (California)	1996	11-50	1001-10000	Unknown (Z/27)
36.	USA (Colorado)	1997	6-10	101-500	ACCase inhibitors (A/1)
37.	USA (Montana)	2002	6-10	501-1000	ACCase inhibitors (A/1)

FACT SHEETS AND OTHER LITERATURE	Format
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Scientific Abstracts on Herbicide Resistant Avena fatua
Identification of Avena fatua populations resistant to imazamethabenz, flamprop, and fenoxaprop-P.
Friesen, L. F., T. L. Jones, R. C. Van Acker, and I. N. Morrison 2000. Identification of Avena fatua populations resistant to imazamethabenz, flamprop, and fenoxaprop-P. Weed Science. 48: 532-540.
Inheritance of diclofop resistance in wild oat (Avena fatua L.) biotypes from the Willamette Valley of Oregon.
Seefeldt, S. S., D. Hoffman L., D. Gealy R., and E. Fuerst P. 1998. Inheritance of diclofop resistance in wild oat (Avena fatua L.) biotypes from the Willamette Valley of Oregon. Weed Science. 46: 170-175.
Herbicide resistance in northern New South Wales.
Storrie, A. and J. Edwards. 1998. Herbicide resistance in northern New South Wales. Agnote NSW Agriculture. DPI/211 4pp. : .
Saskatchewan grain elevator weed survey. Herbicide-resistant wild oat and green foxtail in 1997.
Beckie, H. J. and L. Juras T. 1998. Saskatchewan grain elevator weed survey. Herbicide-resistant wild oat and green foxtail in 1997. Weed Survey Series Publication, Agriculture and Agri Food Canada. 98: 22pp.
Manitoba weed survey of herbicide-resistant wild oat in 1997.
Beckie, H. J., D. Kelner J., R. Acker C. van, and A. Thomas G. 1998. Manitoba weed survey of herbicide-resistant wild oat in 1997. Weed Survey Series Publication, Agriculture and Agri Food Canada. 98: 25 pp..
Weed management in south western Australian farming systems.
Bowran, D. G. 1998. Weed management in south western Australian farming systems. Comptes-rendus 6eme symposium mediterraneen EWRS, Montpellier, France, 13-15 mai 1998. : 273-280.
Monitoring the spread of ACCase inhibitor resistance among wild oat (Avena fatua) patches using AFLP analysis.
Andrews, T. S., I. Morrison N., and G. Penner A. 1998. Monitoring the spread of ACCase inhibitor resistance among wild oat (Avena fatua) patches using AFLP analysis. Weed Science. 46: 196-199.
Compartmental analysis of herbicide efflux in susceptible and difenzoquat-resistant Avena fatua L. suspension cells.
Kern, A. J. and W. Dyer E. 1998. Compartmental analysis of herbicide efflux in susceptible and difenzoquat-resistant Avena fatua L. suspension cells. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 61: 27-37.
A possible involvement of gibberellin in the mechanism of Avena fatua resistance to triallate and cross-resistance to difenzoquat.
Rashid, A., J. O'Donovan T., A. Khan A., R. Blackshaw E., K. N. Harker, and R. Pharis P. 1998. A possible involvement of gibberellin in the mechanism of Avena fatua resistance to triallate and cross-resistance to difenzoquat. Weed Research. 38: 461-466.
Plasma membrane lipid composition and herbicide effects on lipoxygenase activity do not contribute to differential membrane responses in herbicide-resistant and -susceptible wild oat (Avena fatua L.) biotypes.
Renault, S., Amit Shukla, E. Giblin M., S. MacKenzie L., and M. Devine D. 1997. Plasma membrane lipid composition and herbicide effects on lipoxygenase activity do not contribute to differential membrane responses in herbicide-resistant and -susceptible wild oat (Avena fatua L.) biotypes. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 45: 3269-3275.
Development of new reliable quick tests and state of grass-weed herbicide resistance in France.
Letouze, A., J. Gasquez, D. Vaccara, D. Orlando, J. Leterrier L., C. Roy, and E. Bouvard Derieux. 1997. Development of new reliable quick tests and state of grass-weed herbicide resistance in France. 1997 Brighton crop protection conference: weeds. Proceedings of an international conference, Brighton, UK, 17-20 November 1997. 1: 325-330.
Resistance to ACCase-inhibitor herbicides in wild oat: evidence for target site-based resistance in two biotypes from Canada.
Shukla, A., S. Dupont, and M. Devine D. 1997. Resistance to ACCase-inhibitor herbicides in wild oat: evidence for target site-based resistance in two biotypes from Canada. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 57: 147-155.
Differential response of wild oat to imazamethabenz, and tralkoxydim.
El Antri, M. and J. Nalewaja D. 1997. Differential response of wild oat to imazamethabenz, and tralkoxydim. Mededelingen Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen, Universiteit Gent. 62: 767-775.
Fatty acid and wax biosynthesis in susceptible and triallate-resistant Avena fatua L.
Kern, A. J., L. L. Jackson, and W. E. Dyer. 1997. Fatty acid and wax biosynthesis in susceptible and triallate-resistant Avena fatua L. Pesticide Science. 51: 21-26.
Characterization of cross-resistance patterns in acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitor resistant wild oat (Avena fatua).
Bourgeois, L., N. Kenkel C., and I. Morrison N. 1997. Characterization of cross-resistance patterns in acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitor resistant wild oat (Avena fatua). Weed Science. 45: 750-755.
Herbicide resistance and gene flow in black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides) and wild-oats (Avena spp.).
Cavan, G. and S. Moss R. 1997. Herbicide resistance and gene flow in black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides) and wild-oats (Avena spp.). 1997 Brighton crop protection conference: weeds. Proceedings of an international conference, Brighton, UK, 17-20 November 1997. 1: 305-310.
Effects of triallate and difenzoquat on fatty acid composition in young shoots of susceptible and resistant Avena fatua populations.
Abdur Rashid, C. I. Johnson, A. A. Khan, J. T. O' Donovan, and A. Rashid. 1997. Effects of triallate and difenzoquat on fatty acid composition in young shoots of susceptible and resistant Avena fatua populations. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 57: 79-85.
Response of triallate-resistant and -susceptible wild oat (Avena fatua) populations to difenzoquat and EPTC in a seedling bioassay.
Abdur Rashid, J. T. O' Donovan, A. A. Khan, M. P. Sharma, H. Nguyen van, A. Rashid, and H. Van Nguyen. 1997. Response of triallate-resistant and -susceptible wild oat (Avena fatua) populations to difenzoquat and EPTC in a seedling bioassay. Weed Technology. 11: 527-531.
Spatial and temporal patterns of herbicide resistant wild oats.
Davidson, R. M., B. Maxwell D., and W. Malchow E. 1996. Spatial and temporal patterns of herbicide resistant wild oats. Proceedings of the second international weed control congress, Copenhagen, Denmark, 25-28 June 1996. 1-4: 1375-1380.
Mechanisms of resistance to diclofop of two wild oat (Avena fatua) biotypes from the Willamette Valley of Oregon.
Seefeldt, S. S., E. P. Fuerst, D. R. Gealy, Amit Shukla, G. P. Irzyk, M. D. Devine, and A. Shukla. 1996. Mechanisms of resistance to diclofop of two wild oat (Avena fatua) biotypes from the Willamette Valley of Oregon. Weed Science. 44: 776-781.
Diclofop-resistant Avena fatua from the Willamette Valley of Oregon.
Seefeldt, S. S., E. P. Fuerst, G. P. Irzyk, D. R. Gealy, A. Shukla, D. Hoffman, B. D. Brewster, H. Brown (ed.), G. W. Cussans (ed.), M. D. Devine (ed.), S. O. Duke (ed.), C. Fernandez Quintanilla (ed.), A. Helweg (ed.), R. E. Labrada (ed.), M. Landes. 1996. Diclofop-resistant Avena fatua from the Willamette Valley of Oregon. Proceedings of the second international weed control congress, Copenhagen, Denmark, 25-28 June 1996. 1-4: 511-516.
Triallate resistance in Avena fatua L. is due to reduced herbicide activation.
Kern, A. J., D. M. Peterson, E. K. Miller, C. C. Colliver, and W. E. Dyer. 1996. Triallate resistance in Avena fatua L. is due to reduced herbicide activation. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 56: 163-173.
Results 1995 - Weed Research and Demonstration Unit, Orange Agricultural Institute.
Milne, B. R. 1996. Results 1995 - Weed Research and Demonstration Unit, Orange Agricultural Institute. Results 1995 Weed Research and Demonstration Unit, Orange Agricultural Institute. : 74.
Response of triallate-resistant wild oat (Avena fatua) to alternative herbicides.
Blackshaw, R. E., J. T. O' Donovan, M. P. Sharma, K. N. Harker, and D. Maurice. 1996. Response of triallate-resistant wild oat (Avena fatua) to alternative herbicides. Weed Technology. 10: 258-262.
Wild oats - what is the problem?
Medd, R. W., P. Dowling (ed.), and R. Medd. 1996. Wild oats - what is the problem? Plant Protection Quarterly. 11: 183-184.
Herbicide resistant weed problems in developing world and methods to overcome them.
Malik, R. K., H. Brown (ed.), G. W. Cussans (ed.), M. D. Devine (ed.), S. O. Duke (ed.), C. Fernandez Quintanilla (ed.), A. Helweg (ed.), R. E. Labrada (ed.), M. Landes (ed.), P. Kudsk (ed.), and J. C. Streibig. 1996. Herbicide resistant weed problems in developing world and methods to overcome them. Proceedings of the second international weed control congress, Copenhagen, Denmark, 25-28 June 1996. 1-4: 665-673.
Characterization of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) populations and an inbred line with multiple herbicide resistance.
Kern, A. J., C. T. Colliver, B. D. Maxwell, P. K. Fay, and W. E. Dyer. 1996. Characterization of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) populations and an inbred line with multiple herbicide resistance. Weed Science. 44: 847-852.
Two distinct alleles encode for acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitor resistance in wild oat (Avena fatua).
Murray, B. G., A. L. Brule Babel, and I. N. Morrison. 1996. Two distinct alleles encode for acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitor resistance in wild oat (Avena fatua). Weed Science. 44: 476-481.
A seed bioassay to identify acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitor resistant wild oat (Avena fatua) populations.
Murray, B. G., L. F. Friesen, K. J. Beaulieu, and I. N. Morrison. 1996. A seed bioassay to identify acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitor resistant wild oat (Avena fatua) populations. Weed Technology. 10: 85-89.
A seedling bioassay for assessing the response of wild oat (Avena fatua) populations to triallate.
O' Donovan, J. T., Abdur Rashid, H. Nguyen van, J. C. Newman, Aziz Khan, C. I. Johnson, R. E. Blackshaw, K. N. Harker, H. Van Nguyen, A. Rashid, and A. Khan. 1996. A seedling bioassay for assessing the response of wild oat (Avena fatua) populations to triallate. Weed Technology. 10: 931-935.
Herbicide resistant weeds: mutation, selection, misconception.
Morrison, I. N., L. F. Friesen, H. Brown (ed.), G. W. Cussans (ed.), M. D. Devine (ed.), S. O. Duke (ed.), C. Fernandez Quintanilla (ed.), A. Helweg (ed.), R. E. Labrada (ed.), M. Landes (ed.), P. Kudsk (ed.), and J. C. Streibig. 1996. Herbicide resistant weeds: mutation, selection, misconception. Proceedings of the second international weed control congress, Copenhagen, Denmark, 25-28 June 1996. 1-4: 377-385.
Inheritance of acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitor resistance in wild oat (Avena fatua).
Murray, B. G., I. N. Morrison, and A. L. Brule Babel. 1995. Inheritance of acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitor resistance in wild oat (Avena fatua). Weed Science. 43: 233-238.
Approaches to managing ACCase inhibitor resistance in wild oat on the Canadian prairies.
Morrison, I. N. and L. Bourgeois. 1995. Approaches to managing ACCase inhibitor resistance in wild oat on the Canadian prairies. Brighton crop protection conference: weeds. Proceedings of an international conference, Brighton, UK, 20-23 November 1995. 2: 567-576.
Spatial patterns and spread of herbicide resistance.
Maxwell, B. D., R. M. Davidson, W. E. Malchow, and A. J. Popay. 1995. Spatial patterns and spread of herbicide resistance. Proceedings of the forty eighth New Zealand plant protection conference, Angus Inn, Hastings, New Zealand, August 8-10, 1995. : 1-6.
Log-logistic analysis of herbicide dose-response relationships.
Seefeldt, S. S., J. E. Jensen, and E. P. Fuerst. 1995. Log-logistic analysis of herbicide dose-response relationships. Weed Technology. 9: 218-227.
Non-enzymatic conjugation of fenoxaprop-ethyl with glutathione and cysteine in several grass species.
Tal, J. A., J. C. Hall, and G. R. Stephenson. 1995. Non-enzymatic conjugation of fenoxaprop-ethyl with glutathione and cysteine in several grass species. Weed Research. 35: 133-139.
Integrated weed management strategies for delaying herbicide resistance in wild oats.
Thill, D. C., J. T. O' Donovan, and C. A. Mallory Smith. 1994. Integrated weed management strategies for delaying herbicide resistance in wild oats. Herbicide resistance workshop, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 9-10 December 1993. Phytoprotection. 75: 61-70.
Cross-resistance of several diclofop-resistant wild oat (Avena fatua) biotypes from the Willamette Valley of Oregon.
Seefeldt, S. S., D. R. Gealy, B. D. Brewster, and E. P. Fuerst. 1994. Cross-resistance of several diclofop-resistant wild oat (Avena fatua) biotypes from the Willamette Valley of Oregon. Weed Science. 42: 430-437.
Herbicide resistance in the Canadian prairie provinces: five years after the fact.
Morrison, I. N. and M. D. Devine. 1994. Herbicide resistance in the Canadian prairie provinces: five years after the fact. Phytoprotection. 75: 5-16.
Wild oat (Avena fatua) populations resistant to triallate are also resistant to difenzoquat.
O' Donovan, J. T., M. P. Sharma, K. N. Harker, D. Maurice, M. N. Baig, and R. E. Blackshaw. 1994. Wild oat (Avena fatua) populations resistant to triallate are also resistant to difenzoquat. Weed Science. 42: 195-199.
Resistance to aryloxyphenoxypropionate and cyclohexanedione herbicides in wild oats (Avena fatua).
Heap, I. M., B. G. Murray, H. A. Loeppky, and I. N. Morrison. 1993. Resistance to aryloxyphenoxypropionate and cyclohexanedione herbicides in wild oats (Avena fatua). Weed Science. 41: 232-238.
Diclofop and fenoxaprop resistance in wild oat is associated with an altered effect on the plasma membrane electrogenic potential.
Devine, M. D., J. C. Hall, M. L. Romano, M. A. S. Marles, L. W. Thomson, and R. H. Shimabukuro. 1993. Diclofop and fenoxaprop resistance in wild oat is associated with an altered effect on the plasma membrane electrogenic potential. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 45: 167-177.
Investigation of the mechanism of diclofop resistance in two biotypes of Avena fatua.
Devine, M. D., S. A. MacIsaac, M. L. Romano, and J. C. Hall. 1992. Investigation of the mechanism of diclofop resistance in two biotypes of Avena fatua. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 42: 88-96.
Agrichemical industry initiatives to combat development of herbicide resistance.
Davis, R. C. 1992. Agrichemical industry initiatives to combat development of herbicide resistance. Proceedings of the 1st International Weed Control Congress. 2: 144-147.
Evaluating wild oat seed collections for herbicide resistance.
Trunkle, P. A., P. K. Fay, W. E. Dyer, E. S. Davis, and R. G. Lym. 1992. Evaluating wild oat seed collections for herbicide resistance. Proceedings of the Western Society of Weed Science, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 10-12 March 1992. 45: 53-54.
Resistant to aryloxyphenoxy propionate herbicides in two wild oat species (Avena fatua and Avena sterilis ssp. ludoviciana).
Mansooji, A. M., J. A. Holtum, P. Boutsalis, J. M. Matthews, and S. B. Powles. 1992. Resistant to aryloxyphenoxy propionate herbicides in two wild oat species (Avena fatua and Avena sterilis ssp. ludoviciana). Weed Science. 40: 599-605.
Herbicide resistance.
Maurice, D. and D. Billett. 1991. Herbicide resistance. Agri-fax. 1991, No. 640-7, 4 pp. : .
Field trials on diclofop-methyl tolerant wild oats (Avena fatua).
Piper, T. J. 1990. Field trials on diclofop-methyl tolerant wild oats (Avena fatua). Proceedings of the 9th Australian Weeds Conference. : 211-215.
Herbicide-resistant weeds in Australia.
Powles, S. B. and P. D. Howat. 1990. Herbicide-resistant weeds in Australia. Weed Technology. 4: 178-185.
Diclofop-methyl resistance in a biotype of wild oats (Avena fatua L.).
Boutsalis, P., J. A. M. Holtum, and S. B. Powles. 1990. Diclofop-methyl resistance in a biotype of wild oats (Avena fatua L.). Proceedings of the 9th Australian Weeds Conference. : 216-219.
Diclofop resistance in wild oat (Avena fatua).
Joseph, O. O., S. L. A. Hobbs, and S. Jana. 1990. Diclofop resistance in wild oat (Avena fatua). Weed Science. 38: 475-479.
Confirmation of trifluralin-resistant green foxtail (Setaria viridis) in Manitoba.
Morrison, I. N., B. G. Todd, and K. M. Nawolsky. 1989. Confirmation of trifluralin-resistant green foxtail (Setaria viridis) in Manitoba. Weed Technology. 3: 544-551.
Herbicide-resistant crops: yield penalties and weed thresholds for oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.).
Forcella, F. 1987. Herbicide-resistant crops: yield penalties and weed thresholds for oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Weed Research. 27: 31-34.
Abscisic acid as a protectant of Avena fatua L. against diclofop-methyl activity.
Field R.J. and Caseley J.C. 1987. Abscisic acid as a protectant of Avena fatua L. against diclofop-methyl activity. Weed Research. 27: 237-244.
Variability for response to herbicides in wild oat (Avena fatua) populations.
Thai, K. M., S. Jana, and J. M. Naylor. 1985. Variability for response to herbicides in wild oat (Avena fatua) populations. Weed Science. 33: 829-835.
The effect of diclofop treatment on the photosynthetic rates, water potentials, and chlorophyll contents of four wild oat accessions.
Beck, K. G., D. C. Thill, and R. H. Callihan. 1985. The effect of diclofop treatment on the photosynthetic rates, water potentials, and chlorophyll contents of four wild oat accessions. Proceedings of the Western Society of Weed Science. 38: 107-108.
Ecological fitness and the population dynamics of selection for herbicide-resistance in annual weeds.
Putwain, P. D., A. M. Mortimer, R. J. Manlove, and E. Flack. 1984. Ecological fitness and the population dynamics of selection for herbicide-resistance in annual weeds. Comptes rendus du 7eme colloque international sur l'ecologie, la biologie et la systematique des mauvaises herbes. : 263-271.
Wild oat (Avena fatua) and Avena sterilis morphological characteristics and response to herbicides.
Somody, C. N., J. D. Nalewaja, and S. D. Miller. 1984. Wild oat (Avena fatua) and Avena sterilis morphological characteristics and response to herbicides. Weed Science. 32: 353-359.

CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

HUGH BECKIE	Edit
Research Scientist Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada 107 Science Place Saskatoon, S7N 0X2, SK Canada Email Hugh Beckie

Acknowledgements

Where to now?

The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, the Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Saskatchewan have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Hugh Beckie for providing detailed information.

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