Herbicide Resistant Weeds

GROUP C1/5 RESISTANT SMOOTH PIGWEED (Amaranthus hybridus)
USA: Maryland

Thursday, September 09, 2010

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Smooth Pigweed

1.	Introduction
2.	Level of Infestation
3.	Quick Statistics
4.	Notes about this biotype
5.	Academic Aspects
6.	R Smooth Pigweed Globally
7.	Fact Sheets and Literature
8.	Contributing Weed Scientists
9.	Acknowledgements
10.	Where to now?

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Introduction

Level of Infestation

Smooth Pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus) is a dicot weed in the Amaranthaceae family. In Maryland this weed first evolved resistance to Group C1/5 herbicides in 1972 and infests corn, and cropland. Group C1/5 herbicides are known as Photosystem II inhibitors (Inhibition of photosynthesis at photosystem II). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to atrazine and they may be cross-resistant to other Group C1/5 herbicides.

Local weed scientists estimate that Group C1/5 resistant Smooth Pigweed in Maryland infests 501-1000 sites. They also estimate that there are 1001-10000 acres infested with Group C1/5 resistant Smooth Pigweed.

The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their mode of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS ( last updated Sep 15, 2000 )
Common Name	Smooth Pigweed
Species	Amaranthus hybridus
Group	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
Herbicides	atrazine
Location	USA, Maryland
Year	1972
Situation(s)	corn, and cropland
Sites	501-1000
Acres Infested	1001-10000
Contributors	Ronald Ritter
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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Field, Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Smooth Pigweed biotype with this Smooth Pigweed biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

The genetic basis of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the genetic inheritance of this biotype please update the database.

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

Triazine resistant weeds often exhibit a lower relative fitness when compared to susceptible biotypes. The most common mutation conferring triazine resistance (Ser 264 to Gly mutation of the psbA gene) also causes a reduction in CO₂ fixation, quantum yield, and seed and biomass production. There is no record in this database referring specifically to fitness studies on Group C1/5 resistant Smooth Pigweed from Maryland.

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HERBICIDE RESISTANT SMOOTH PIGWEED GLOBALLY
#	Country	Year	Sites	Acres	Mode of Action
1.	Canada (Ontario)	2004	1	11-50	Nitriles and others (C3/6)
2.	France	1980	unknown	unknown	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
3.	Israel	1986	6-10	51-100	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
4.	Italy	1980	unknown	unknown	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
5.	South Africa	1993	1	51-100	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
6.	Spain	1985	6-10	unknown	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
7.	Switzerland	1982	11-50	51-100	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
8.	USA (Maryland)	1972	501-1000	1001-10000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
9.	USA (Virginia)	1976	501-1000	100001-1000000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
10.	USA (Delaware)	1977	101-500	1001-10000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
11.	USA (North Carolina)	1980	51-100	1001-10000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
12.	USA (Pennsylvania)	1980	501-1000	1001-10000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
13.	USA (New Jersey)	1980	1	11-50	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
14.	USA (New York)	1980	101-500	1001-10000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
15.	USA (New York)	1980	101-500	1001-10000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
16.	USA (Massachusetts)	1983	11-50	101-500	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
17.	USA (Wisconsin)	1985	501-1000	1001-10000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
18.	USA (Kentucky)	1987	101-500	1001-10000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
19.	USA (Kentucky)	1992	11-50	501-1000	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
20.	USA (Illinois)	1993	6-10	501-1000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
21.	USA (Virginia)	1994	51-100	101-500	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
22.	USA (Delaware)	2000	2-5	51-100	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
23.	USA (Ohio)	2001	2-5	101-500	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
24.	USA (Michigan)	2002	2-5	101-500	ALS inhibitors (B/2)

FACT SHEETS AND OTHER LITERATURE	Format
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Scientific Abstracts on Herbicide Resistant Amaranthus hybridus
Acetolactate synthase mutation conferring imidazolinone-specific herbicide resistance in Amaranthus hybridus
Trucco, F., A. G. Hager, and P. J. Tranel. 2006. Acetolactate synthase mutation conferring imidazolinone-specific herbicide resistance in Amaranthus hybridus Journal of Plant Physiology. 163: 475-479.
ALS resistance in several smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus) biotypes
Whaley, C. M., H. P. Wilson, and J. H. Westwood. 2006. ALS resistance in several smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus) biotypes Weed Science. 54: 828-832.
Characterization of a new ALS-inhibitor resistance mutation from the ALS gene of smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus).
Whaley, C. M., H. P. Wilson, and J. H. Westwood. 2004. Characterization of a new ALS-inhibitor resistance mutation from the ALS gene of smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus). Weed Sci. Soc. Am. Abstr. no. 161. [CD-ROM Computer File]. : .
Fitness effects of the triazine resistance mutation in Amaranthus hybridus: relative fitness in maize and soyabean crops.
Jordan, N. 1999. Fitness effects of the triazine resistance mutation in Amaranthus hybridus: relative fitness in maize and soyabean crops. Weed Research. 39: 493-505.
Absorption, translocation, and metabolism of chlorimuron and nicosulfuron in imidazolinone-resistant and -susceptible smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus).
Manley, B. S., K. Hatzios K., and H. Wilson P. 1999. Absorption, translocation, and metabolism of chlorimuron and nicosulfuron in imidazolinone-resistant and -susceptible smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus). Weed Technology. 13: 759-764.
Imidazolinone resistance in smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus) is due to an altered acetolactate synthase.
Manley, B. S., B. Singh K., D. Shaner L., and H. Wilson P. 1999. Imidazolinone resistance in smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus) is due to an altered acetolactate synthase. Weed Technology. 13: 697-705.
Biorational management tactics to select against triazine-resistant Amaranthus hybridus: a field trial.
Jordan, N., M. Kelrick, J. Brooks, and W. Kinerk. 1999. Biorational management tactics to select against triazine-resistant Amaranthus hybridus: a field trial. Journal of Applied Ecology. 36: 123-132.
Characterization of imidazolinone-resistant smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus).
Manley, B. S., H. Wilson P., and T. Hines E. 1998. Characterization of imidazolinone-resistant smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus). Weed Technology. 12: 575-584.
Contribution of photosynthetic rate to growth and reproduction in Amaranthus hybridus.
Arntz, A. M., E. DeLucia H., and N. Jordan. 1998. Contribution of photosynthetic rate to growth and reproduction in Amaranthus hybridus. Oecologia. 117: 323-330.
An investigation of smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus L.) resistance to acetolactate synthase inhibiting herbicides.
Schmenk, R. E., M. Barrett, and W. Witt E. 1997. An investigation of smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus L.) resistance to acetolactate synthase inhibiting herbicides. Weed Science Society of America Abstracts. 37: 117.
SAN 582, alachlor, and metolachlor control triazine-resistant (TR) smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus) in no-till corn (Zea mays).
Foy, C. L. and H. L. Witt. 1997. SAN 582, alachlor, and metolachlor control triazine-resistant (TR) smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus) in no-till corn (Zea mays). Weed Technology. 11: 623-625.
Distribution and management of triazine-resistant weeds in the mid- Atlantic region of the U.S.A.
Ritter, R. L. and H. Menbere. 1997. Distribution and management of triazine-resistant weeds in the mid- Atlantic region of the U.S.A. 1997 Brighton crop protection conference: weeds. Proceedings of an international conference, Brighton, UK, 17-20 November 1997. 3: 1147-1152.
Resistance of Amaranthus hybridus to atrazine.
Sereda, B., D. J. Erasmus, and R. L. J. Coetzer. 1996. Resistance of Amaranthus hybridus to atrazine. Weed Research. 36: 21-30.
Smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus) and livid amaranth (A. lividus) response to several imidazolinone and sulfonylurea herbicides.
Manley, B. S., H. P. Wilson, and T. E. Hines. 1996. Smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus) and livid amaranth (A. lividus) response to several imidazolinone and sulfonylurea herbicides. Weed Technology. 10: 835-841.
Effects of the triazine-resistance mutation on fitness in Amaranthus hybridus (smooth pigweed).
Jordan, N. 1996. Effects of the triazine-resistance mutation on fitness in Amaranthus hybridus (smooth pigweed). Journal of Applied Ecology. 33: 141-150.
An in vivo acetolactate synthase assay.
Simpson, D. M., E. W. Stoller, and L. M. Wax. 1995. An in vivo acetolactate synthase assay. Weed Technology. 9: 17-22.
Physiological and biochemical characteristics in triazine resistant biotypes of four Amaranthus species.
Dominguez, C., M. Tena, R. Prado de, and R. De Prado. 1994. Physiological and biochemical characteristics in triazine resistant biotypes of four Amaranthus species. Journal of Plant Physiology. 143: 632-636.
Lipid composition and chloroplast ultrastructure in triazine resistant biotypes of Amaranthus species.
Dominguez, C., M. Tena, I. Rodriguez, R. Prado de, and R. De Prado. 1994. Lipid composition and chloroplast ultrastructure in triazine resistant biotypes of Amaranthus species. Journal of Plant Physiology. 143: 637-642.
Resistance of smooth pigweed to triazines.
Sereda, B. and D. Erasmus. 1994. Resistance of smooth pigweed to triazines. Plant Protection News. 28: 5-7.
Triazine resistance in biotypes of Solanum nigrum and four Amaranthus species found in Spain.
Prado, R. de, C. Dominguez, M. Tena, and R. De Prado. 1993. Triazine resistance in biotypes of Solanum nigrum and four Amaranthus species found in Spain. Weed Research. 33: 17-24.
Annual weed populations resistant to atrazine in Aragon.
Lopez, C., C. Lopez, S. Murillo, C. Zaragoza, R. Prado de, and R. De Prado. 1993. Annual weed populations resistant to atrazine in Aragon. Proceedings of the 1993 Congress of the Spanish Weed Science Society, Lugo, Spain, 1-3 December 1993. : 249-253.
Triazine-resistant smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus) control in field corn (Zea mays L.).
Birschbach, E. D., M. G. Myers, and R. G. Harvey. 1993. Triazine-resistant smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus) control in field corn (Zea mays L.). Weed Technology. 7: 431-436.
Negative cross-resistance to bentazone and pyridate in atrazine-resistant Amaranthus cruentus and Amaranthus hybridus biotypes.
Prado, R. de, M. Sanchez, J. Jorrin, C. Dominguez, and R. De Prado. 1992. Negative cross-resistance to bentazone and pyridate in atrazine-resistant Amaranthus cruentus and Amaranthus hybridus biotypes. Pesticide Science. 35: 131-136.
Resistance to s-triazines in Amaranthus cruentus and A. hybridus. I. Cross-resistance to herbicides.
Prado, R. de, M. Sanchez, C. Dominguez, and R. De Prado. 1991. Resistance to s-triazines in Amaranthus cruentus and A. hybridus. I. Cross-resistance to herbicides. Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent. 56: 799-805.
Triazine-resistant weeds found in Spain.
De Prado, R., C. Dominguez, M. Tena, R. Prado de, R. Cavalloro (ed.), and G. Noye (ed.). 1989. Triazine-resistant weeds found in Spain. Importance and perspectives on herbicide-resistant weeds. Proceedings of a meeting of the EC Experts' Group, Tollose, Denmark, 15-17 November 1988. 11561: 67-79.
Co-resistance of atrazine-resistant Chenopodium and Amaranthus biotypes to other Photosystem II inhibiting herbicides.
Solymosi, P. and E. Lehoczki. 1989. Co-resistance of atrazine-resistant Chenopodium and Amaranthus biotypes to other Photosystem II inhibiting herbicides. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung. Section C, Biosciences. 44: 119-127.
Control of triazine-resistant smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus) and common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) in no-till corn (Zea mays).
Hagood, E. S. Jr. 1989. Control of triazine-resistant smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus) and common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) in no-till corn (Zea mays). Weed Technology. 3: 136-142.
Relocating a gene for herbicide tolerance: a chloroplast gene is converted into a nuclear gene.
Cheung, A. Y., L. Bogorad, M. Montagu van, and J. Schell. 1988. Relocating a gene for herbicide tolerance: a chloroplast gene is converted into a nuclear gene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 85: 391-395.
Distribution of triazine-resistant smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus) and common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) in Virginia.
Vencill, W. K. and C. L. Foy. 1988. Distribution of triazine-resistant smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus) and common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) in Virginia. Weed Science. 36: 497-499.
Characterization of triazine-resistant biotypes of Amaranthus spp. found in Spain.
Prado, R. de, C. Dominguez, and M. Tena. 1988. Characterization of triazine-resistant biotypes of Amaranthus spp. found in Spain. VIIIe Colloque International sur la Biologie, l'Ecologie et la Systematique des Mauvaises Herbes. 1: 247-256.
Effects of temperature on triazine-resistant weed biotypes.
Vencill, W. K., C. L. Foy, and D. M. Orcutt. 1987. Effects of temperature on triazine-resistant weed biotypes. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 27: 473-480.
N-Alkylaryltriazine herbicides: a possible link between triazines and phenylureas.
Gardner, G., J. R. Sanborn, and J. R. Goss. 1987. N-Alkylaryltriazine herbicides: a possible link between triazines and phenylureas. Weed Science. 35: 763-769.
Herbicide cross-resistance in triazine-resistant biotypes of four species.
Fuerst, E. P., C. J. Arntzen, K. Pfister, and D. Penner. 1986. Herbicide cross-resistance in triazine-resistant biotypes of four species. Weed Science. 34: 344-353.
Triazine resistance in common lambsquarters and smooth pigweed in Virginia.
Vencill, W. K. and C. L. Foy. 1986. Triazine resistance in common lambsquarters and smooth pigweed in Virginia. Proceedings, Southern Weed Science Society, 39th annual meeting. : 25.
Aspects of the biology and control of pigweed (Amaranthus spp.) in New York.
Senesac, A. F. 1985. Aspects of the biology and control of pigweed (Amaranthus spp.) in New York. Dissertation Abstracts International, B Sciences and Engineering. 46: 1007.
The molecular anatomy of resistance to photosystem II herbicides.
Gressel, J. 1985. The molecular anatomy of resistance to photosystem II herbicides. Oxford Surveys of Plant Molecular and Cell Biology. 2: 321-328.
Herbicide programs for control of triazine resistant pigweed.
Hagood, E. S. Jr. 1985. Herbicide programs for control of triazine resistant pigweed. Proceedings, 39th annual meeting of the Northeastern Weed Science Society. : 55.
Physical basis for the maternal inheritance of triazine resistance in Amaranthus hybridus.
Vaughn, K. C. 1985. Physical basis for the maternal inheritance of triazine resistance in Amaranthus hybridus. Weed Research. 25: 15-19.
Triazine resistant weed survey in Maryland.
Marose, B. H. 1985. Triazine resistant weed survey in Maryland. Proceedings, 39th annual meeting of the Northeastern Weed Science Society. : 114.
Ultrastructural alterations to chloroplasts in triazine-resistant weed biotypes.
Vaughn, K. C. and S. O. Duke. 1984. Ultrastructural alterations to chloroplasts in triazine-resistant weed biotypes. Physiologia Plantarum. 62: 510-520.
The molecular basis of triazine-herbicide resistance in higher-plant chloroplasts [Photosynthesis, Amaranthus hybridus, Solanum nigrum].
Hirschberg, J., A. Bleecker, Kyle D.J., L. McIntosh, and Arntzen C.J. 1984. The molecular basis of triazine-herbicide resistance in higher-plant chloroplasts [Photosynthesis, Amaranthus hybridus, Solanum nigrum]. Z Naturforsch Sec C Biosci. Tubingen, W. Ger. : Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung. May 1984. 39: 412-420.
Synthetic quinones influencing herbicide binding and photosystem II electron transport--the effects of triazine-resistance on quinone binding properties in thylakoid membranes [Pisum sativum, Amaranthus hybridus].
Vermaas W.F.J. and Arntzen C.J. 1983. Synthetic quinones influencing herbicide binding and photosystem II electron transport--the effects of triazine-resistance on quinone binding properties in thylakoid membranes [Pisum sativum, Amaranthus hybridus]. Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenerg. Amsterdam : Elsevier Biomedical Press. 725: 483-491.
Photosynthetic analysis of triazine susceptible and resistant smooth pigweed.
Ahrens, W. R. and E. W. Stoller. 1983. Photosynthetic analysis of triazine susceptible and resistant smooth pigweed. Proceedings of the 37th annual meeting of the Northeastern Weed Science Society, 1983. : 113.
Competition, growth rate, and CO2 fixation in triazine-susceptible and -resistant smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus).
Ahrens, W. H. and E. W. Stoller. 1983. Competition, growth rate, and CO2 fixation in triazine-susceptible and -resistant smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus). Weed Science. 31: 438-444.
Relationship of carbohydrate levels to dinoseb tolerance in two Amaranthus hybridus L. biotypes.
Fuerst, E. P., D. Penner, and C. J. Arntzen. 1983. Relationship of carbohydrate levels to dinoseb tolerance in two Amaranthus hybridus L. biotypes. Proceedings, North Central Weed Control Conference. : 46-47.
Molecular basis of herbicide resistance in Amaranthus hybridus.
Hirschberg, J. and L. McIntosh. 1983. Molecular basis of herbicide resistance in Amaranthus hybridus. Science. 222: 1346-1349.
Comparison of photosynthetic performance in triazine-resistant and susceptible biotypes of Amaranthus hybridus.
Ort, D. R., W. H. Ahrens, B. Martin, and E. W. Stoller. 1983. Comparison of photosynthetic performance in triazine-resistant and susceptible biotypes of Amaranthus hybridus. Plant Physiology. 72: 925-930.

CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

RONALD RITTER	Edit
University of Maryland 12901 North Point Lane Laurel, 20708, Maryland USA Email Ronald Ritter

Acknowledgements

Where to now?

The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The North American Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, the Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Maryland have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Ronald Ritter for providing detailed information.

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