Herbicide Resistant Weeds

GROUP C1/5 RESISTANT LAMBSQUARTERS (Chenopodium album)
USA: Virginia

Thursday, September 09, 2010

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Lambsquarters

1.	Introduction
2.	Level of Infestation
3.	Quick Statistics
4.	Notes about this biotype
5.	Academic Aspects
6.	R Lambsquarters Globally
7.	Fact Sheets and Literature
8.	Contributing Weed Scientists
9.	Acknowledgements
10.	Where to now?

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Introduction

Level of Infestation

Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) is a dicot weed in the Chenopodiaceae family. In Virginia this weed first evolved resistance to Group C1/5 herbicides in 1979 and infests corn. Group C1/5 herbicides are known as Photosystem II inhibitors (Inhibition of photosynthesis at photosystem II). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to atrazine and they may be cross-resistant to other Group C1/5 herbicides.

Local weed scientists estimate that Group C1/5 resistant Lambsquarters in Virginia infests 501-1000 sites and the number of sites are increasing. They also estimate that there are 1001-10000 acres infested with Group C1/5 resistant Lambsquarters and the area infested is increasing.

The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their mode of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS ( last updated Sep 15, 2000 )
Common Name	Lambsquarters
Species	Chenopodium album
Group	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
Herbicides	atrazine
Location	USA, Virginia
Year	1979
Situation(s)	corn
Sites	501-1000
Acres Infested	1001-10000
Contributors	Chester Foy, and Kriton Hatzios
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

AREAS FOUND

Chester Foy

Northern and SouthWestern highlands of Virginia.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Field, Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Lambsquarters biotype with this Lambsquarters biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

The genetic basis of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the genetic inheritance of this biotype please update the database.

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

Triazine resistant weeds often exhibit a lower relative fitness when compared to susceptible biotypes. The most common mutation conferring triazine resistance (Ser 264 to Gly mutation of the psbA gene) also causes a reduction in CO₂ fixation, quantum yield, and seed and biomass production. There is no record in this database referring specifically to fitness studies on Group C1/5 resistant Lambsquarters from Virginia.

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HERBICIDE RESISTANT LAMBSQUARTERS GLOBALLY
#	Country	Year	Sites	Acres	Mode of Action
1.	Belgium	1980	501-1000	1001-10000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
2.	Bulgaria	1989	2-5	501-1000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
3.	Canada (Ontario)	1973	501-1000	1001-10000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
4.	Canada (Ontario)	2001	2-5	11-50	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
5.	Czech Republic	1986	501-1000	1001-10000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
6.	France	1978	unknown	unknown	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
7.	Germany	1980	501-1000	1001-10000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
8.	Greece	2000	2-5	11-50	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
9.	Italy	1982	unknown	unknown	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
10.	New Zealand	1979	101-500	1001-10000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
11.	New Zealand	2005	1	11-50	Synthetic Auxins (O/4)
12.	Norway	1994	1	1-5	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
13.	Norway	1994	1	1-5	Ureas and amides (C2/7)
14.	Poland	1991	2-5	51-100	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
15.	Portugal	2003	2-5	101-500	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
16.	Slovenia	1996	101-500	1001-10000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
17.	Spain	1987	51-100	501-1000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
18.	Switzerland	1977	101-500	1001-10000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
19.	The Netherlands	1980	501-1000	1001-10000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
20.	United Kingdom	1989	unknown	unknown	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
21.	USA (Michigan)	1975	unknown	10001-100000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
22.	USA (New York)	1977	501-1000	10001-100000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
23.	USA (Virginia)	1979	501-1000	1001-10000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
24.	USA (Wisconsin)	1979	1001-10000	100001-1000000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
25.	USA (North Carolina)	1980	51-100	501-1000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
26.	USA (Pennsylvania)	1980	501-1000	1001-10000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
27.	USA (Indiana)	1980	501-1000	1001-10000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
28.	USA (Ohio)	1981	501-1000	10001-100000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
29.	USA (Minnesota)	1982	101-500	501-1000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
30.	USA (Maryland)	1982	501-1000	1001-10000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
31.	USA (Massachusetts)	1983	11-50	501-1000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
32.	USA (Illinois)	1985	6-10	101-500	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
33.	USA (Maine)	1985	501-1000	1001-10000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
34.	USA (New Hampshire)	1986	6-10	101-500	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
35.	USA (Delaware)	1988	11-50	101-500	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
36.	USA (Iowa)	1989	101-500	1001-10000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
37.	USA (Vermont)	1991	51-100	1001-10000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
38.	USA (Connecticut)	1992	501-1000	10001-100000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
39.	USA (Rhode Island)	1995	6-10	101-500	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
40.	USA (Tennessee)	1998	1	11-50	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
41.	USA (Michigan)	2001	2-5	101-500	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
42.	USA (Ohio)	2001	1	11-50	ALS inhibitors (B/2)

FACT SHEETS AND OTHER LITERATURE	Format
Add New Article

Management of Triazine-Resistant Pigweed and Lambsquarters. Curren, W (1999) Penn State Fact Sheet # UCO46 At least three species of pigweed have biotypes that show resistance to triazine.	PDF

Scientific Abstracts on Herbicide Resistant Chenopodium album
Metribuzin resistance in Amaranthus retroflexus and Chenopodium album in Greece.
Eleftherohorinos, I. G., I. Vasilakoglou B., and K. Dhima V. 2000. Metribuzin resistance in Amaranthus retroflexus and Chenopodium album in Greece. Weed Science. 48: 69-74.
The level of polyamines as an indicator of resistance or susceptibility of Chenopodium album to atrazine.
Giebel, J., S. Stachecki, and T. Praczyk. 1999. The level of polyamines as an indicator of resistance or susceptibility of Chenopodium album to atrazine. 1999 Brighton crop protection conference: weeds. Proceedings of an international conference, Brighton, UK, 15-18 November 1999. 1: 163-166.
Control of problematic weeds in maize with the new herbicide isoxaflutole.
Menendez, J., J. Gomez Arnau, P. Loubiere, and R. Prado de. 1998. Control of problematic weeds in maize with the new herbicide isoxaflutole. Mededelingen Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen, Universiteit Gent. 63: 761-767.
Occurrence of resistant weeds to sulfonylurea herbicides in Japan.
Miyahara, M., J. Guh O., and D. Lee J. 1998. Occurrence of resistant weeds to sulfonylurea herbicides in Japan. Korean Journal of Weed Science. 18: 268-279.
Morphological features of susceptible and resistant to metribuzin biotypes of Chenopodium album L.
Nikolova, V. and S. Chipeva. 1998. Morphological features of susceptible and resistant to metribuzin biotypes of Chenopodium album L. Comptes-rendus 6eme symposium Mediterraneen EWRS, Montpellier, France, 13-15 Mai 1998. : 227-228.
Morphological feature of susceptible and resistant to metribuzine biotypes Chenopodium album L.
Nikolova, V. and S. Chipeva. 1998. Morphological feature of susceptible and resistant to metribuzine biotypes Chenopodium album L. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science. 4: 777-780.
Distribution and management of triazine-resistant weeds in the mid- Atlantic region of the U.S.A.
Ritter, R. L. and H. Menbere. 1997. Distribution and management of triazine-resistant weeds in the mid- Atlantic region of the U.S.A. 1997 Brighton crop protection conference: weeds. Proceedings of an international conference, Brighton, UK, 17-20 November 1997. 3: 1147-1152.
Long-term control of perennial broadleaf weeds and triazine-resistant common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) in no-till corn (Zea mays).
Glenn, S., W. H. Phillips II, and P. Kalnay. 1997. Long-term control of perennial broadleaf weeds and triazine-resistant common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) in no-till corn (Zea mays). Weed Technology. 11: 436-443.
Importance of atrazine for weed control in maize.: Interet de l'atrazine en desherbage du mais.
Blanc, D. and J. Thierry. 1996. Importance of atrazine for weed control in maize.: Interet de l'atrazine en desherbage du mais. Seizieme conference du COLUMA. Journees internationales sur la lutte contre les mauvaises herbes, Reims, France, 6-8 decembre 1995. 2: 845-852.
Influence of weed control on weed population in ridge-till corn (Zea mays).
Wicks, G. A., R. G. Wilson, G. W. Mahnken, and G. E. Hanson. 1996. Influence of weed control on weed population in ridge-till corn (Zea mays). Weed Science. 44: 903-910.
Herbicide susceptibility and biological fitness of triazine-resistant and susceptible common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album).
Parks, R. J., W. S. Curran, G. W. Roth, N. L. Hartwig, and D. D. Calvin. 1996. Herbicide susceptibility and biological fitness of triazine-resistant and susceptible common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album). Weed Science. 44: 517-522.
Occurrence and distribution of triazine-resistant Chenopodium album in Slovenia.
Simoncic, A., H. Brown (ed.), G. W. Cussans (ed.), M. D. Devine (ed.), S. O. Duke (ed.), C. Fernandez Quintanilla (ed.), A. Helweg (ed.), R. E. Labrada (ed.), M. Landes (ed.), P. Kudsk (ed.), and J. C. Streibig. 1996. Occurrence and distribution of triazine-resistant Chenopodium album in Slovenia. Proceedings of the second international weed control congress, Copenhagen, Denmark, 25-28 June 1996. 1-4: 469-474.
Common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) control in corn (Zea mays) with postemergence herbicides and cultivation.
Parks, R. J., W. S. Curran, G. W. Roth, N. L. Hartwig, and D. D. Calvin. 1995. Common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) control in corn (Zea mays) with postemergence herbicides and cultivation. Weed Technology. 9: 728-735.
Relation of fluorescence quenching and other energy dissipative pathways with photoinhibition in leaves of triazine-resistant and susceptible Chenopodium album.
Curwiel, V. B., J. J. S. Rensen van, J. J. S. Van Rensen, and P. Mathis. 1995. Relation of fluorescence quenching and other energy dissipative pathways with photoinhibition in leaves of triazine-resistant and susceptible Chenopodium album. Photosynthesis: from light to biosphere. Volume IV. Proceedings of the Xth international photosynthesis congress, Montpellier, France, 20-25 August 1995. : 247-250.
Herbicide resistance in Denmark.
Andreasen, C. and J. E. Jensen. 1994. Herbicide resistance in Denmark. SP Rapport. 1994, presented at the 11th Danish plant protection conference on the side effect of pesticides used on weeds. 6: 261-270.
Response of weed flora and crop yield to yearly repeated herbicide applications in continuous maize.
Bulcke, R., P. Bruyne de, M. Himme van, D. Callens, P. De Bruyne, and M. Van Himme. 1994. Response of weed flora and crop yield to yearly repeated herbicide applications in continuous maize. 46th International symposium on crop protection: part IV, Gent, Belgium, 3 May 1994. Mededelingen Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen, Universiteit Gent. 59: 1265-1275.
Rapid diagnosis of ALS/AHAS-resistant weeds.
Gerwick, B. C., L. C. Mireles, and R. J. Eilers. 1993. Rapid diagnosis of ALS/AHAS-resistant weeds. Weed Technology. 7: 519-524.
Relative fitness of s-triazine susceptible and resistant biotypes of Chenopodium album.
Leroux, G. D. 1993. Relative fitness of s-triazine susceptible and resistant biotypes of Chenopodium album. Phytoprotection. 74: 143-152.
Annual weed populations resistant to atrazine in Aragon.
Lopez, C., C. Lopez, S. Murillo, C. Zaragoza, R. Prado de, and R. De Prado. 1993. Annual weed populations resistant to atrazine in Aragon. Proceedings of the 1993 Congress of the Spanish Weed Science Society, Lugo, Spain, 1-3 December 1993. : 249-253.
Influence of photoinhibition on electron transport and photophosphorylation of isolated chloroplasts.
Curwiel, V. B., J. J. S. Rensen van, and J. J. S. Van Rensen. 1993. Influence of photoinhibition on electron transport and photophosphorylation of isolated chloroplasts. Physiologia Plantarum. 89: 97-102.
Comparison of photosynthetic activities in triazine-resistant and susceptible biotypes of Chenopodium album.
Curwiel, V. B., G. Schansker, O. J. Vos de, J. J. S. Rensen van, O. J. De Vos, and J. J. S. Van Rensen. 1993. Comparison of photosynthetic activities in triazine-resistant and susceptible biotypes of Chenopodium album. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung. Section C, Biosciences. 48: 278-282.
Tolerance of cultured Amaranthus retroflexus cells to atrazine.
Shigematsu, Y., S. Chaicharoen, F. Sato, and Y. Yamada. 1993. Tolerance of cultured Amaranthus retroflexus cells to atrazine. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung. Section C, Biosciences. 48: 275-277.
Triazine-resistant common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) control in field corn (Zea mays L.).
Myers, M. G. and R. G. Harvey. 1993. Triazine-resistant common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) control in field corn (Zea mays L.). Weed Technology. 7: 884-889.
High misses after odd flashes in oxygen evolution in thoroughly dark-adapted thylakoids from pea and Chenopodium album.
Naber, J. D., J. J. S. Rensen van, Govindjee, and J. J. S. Van Rensen. 1993. High misses after odd flashes in oxygen evolution in thoroughly dark-adapted thylakoids from pea and Chenopodium album. Photosynthesis Research. 38: 309-314.
Simultaneous measurement of thermoluminescence emission and of fluorescence F0.
Miranda, T. and J. M. Ducruet. 1992. Simultaneous measurement of thermoluminescence emission and of fluorescence F0. Photosynthetica. 27: 241-244.
The different sensitivity of the biotypes of white goosefoot (Chenopodium album L.) against herbicides inhibiting photosynthesis.
Mikulka, J. and D. Chodova. 1992. The different sensitivity of the biotypes of white goosefoot (Chenopodium album L.) against herbicides inhibiting photosynthesis. Sbornik UVTIZ, Ochrana Rostlin. 28: 61-70.
Photosynthetic activity and chloroplast structural characteristics in triazine-resistant biotypes of three weed species.
Prado, R. de, C. Dominguez, I. Rodriguez, M. Tena, and R. De Prado. 1992. Photosynthetic activity and chloroplast structural characteristics in triazine-resistant biotypes of three weed species. Physiologia Plantarum. 84: 477-485.
The negative cross resistance of triazine-resistant weed species, particularly Chenopodium album L.
Arlt, K. and B. Juttersonke. 1992. The negative cross resistance of triazine-resistant weed species, particularly Chenopodium album L. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz. 1992, presented at the 16th German conference on weed biology and control, held at Stuttgart-Hohenheim, Germany, on 10-12 March 1992. 13: 483-486.
Tolerance of triazine-resistant and susceptible biotypes of three weeds to heat stress: a fluorescence study.
Fuks, B., F. Eycken van, R. Lannoye, and F. Van Eycken. 1992. Tolerance of triazine-resistant and susceptible biotypes of three weeds to heat stress: a fluorescence study. Weed Research. 32: 9-17.
The infraspecific structure of weeds in relation to herbicide resistance.
Juttersonke, B. and K. Arlt. 1992. The infraspecific structure of weeds in relation to herbicide resistance. Zeitschrift-fur-Pflanzenkrankheiten-und-Pflanzenschutz. 1992, presented at the 16th German conference on weed biology and control, held at Stuttgart-Hohenheim, Germany, on 10-12 March 1992. 13: 475-481.
The problem of triazine resistance in annual weeds in maize and horticultural crops.
Kees, H. and A. Lutz. 1991. The problem of triazine resistance in annual weeds in maize and horticultural crops. Gesunde Pflanzen. 43: 216-220.
A bioassay to measure the frequency of sulfonylurea resistance in weed populations.
Davis, E. S., P. K. Fay, and R. G. Lym. 1991. A bioassay to measure the frequency of sulfonylurea resistance in weed populations. Proceedings of the Western Society of Weed Science, Seattle, Washington, USA, 12-14 March 1991. 44: 26-27.
Structure-activity relationships of triazinone herbicides on resistant weeds and resistant Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
Oettmeier, W., U. Hilp, W. Draber, C. Fedtke, and R. R. Schmidt. 1991. Structure-activity relationships of triazinone herbicides on resistant weeds and resistant Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Pesticide Science. 33: 399-409.
Current status of herbicide resistance in New Zealand weeds.
Rahman, A. 1990. Current status of herbicide resistance in New Zealand weeds. Proceedings of the 9th Australian Weeds Conference. : 196-200.
A rapid method for partial mRNA and DNA sequence analysis of the photosystem II psbA gene.
Naber, D., U. Johanningmeier, J. J. S. Rensen van, and J. J. S. Van Rensen. 1990. A rapid method for partial mRNA and DNA sequence analysis of the photosystem II psbA gene. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung. Section C, Biosciences. 45: 418-422.
Atrazine action on the donor side of photosystem II in triazine-resistant and -susceptible weed biotypes.
Purcell, M., G. D. Leroux, and R. Carpentier. 1990. Atrazine action on the donor side of photosystem II in triazine-resistant and -susceptible weed biotypes. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 37: 83-89.
Control of triazine-resistant weeds in maize in southwest Poland.
Rola, J. and H. Rola. 1990. Control of triazine-resistant weeds in maize in southwest Poland. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz. 1990. 12: 509-514.
Herbicide resistance in relation to the infra-specific structure of Chenopodium album.
Arlt, B. and K. Juttersonke. 1990. Herbicide resistance in relation to the infra-specific structure of Chenopodium album. Weed Research. 30: 189-199.
Appearance and spread of triazine resistance in common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album).
Darmency, H. and J. Gasquez. 1990. Appearance and spread of triazine resistance in common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album). Weed Technology. 4: 173-177.
Co-resistance of atrazine-resistant Chenopodium and Amaranthus biotypes to other Photosystem II inhibiting herbicides.
Solymosi, P. and E. Lehoczki. 1989. Co-resistance of atrazine-resistant Chenopodium and Amaranthus biotypes to other Photosystem II inhibiting herbicides. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung. Section C, Biosciences. 44: 119-127.
Characterization of a triple (atrazine-pyrazon-pyridate) resistant biotype of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.).
Solymosi, P. and E. Lehoczki. 1989. Characterization of a triple (atrazine-pyrazon-pyridate) resistant biotype of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.). Journal of Plant Physiology. 4: 685-690.
Photoacoustic characteristics of leaves of atrazine-resistant weed mutants.
Havaux, M. 1989. Photoacoustic characteristics of leaves of atrazine-resistant weed mutants. Photosynthesis Research. 21: 51-59.
New developments in triazine and paraquat resistance and co-resistance in weed species in England.
Clay, D. V. 1989. New developments in triazine and paraquat resistance and co-resistance in weed species in England. Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference, Weeds. 1: 317-324.
Resistance to herbicides in weeds in Belgium.
Bulcke, R., M. Himme van, M. Van Himme, R. Cavalloro (ed.), and G. Noye (ed.). 1989. Resistance to herbicides in weeds in Belgium. Importance and perspectives on herbicide-resistant weeds. Proceedings of a meeting of the EC Experts' Group, Tollose, Denmark, 15-17 November 1988. : 31-39.
Triazine-resistant weeds found in Spain.
De Prado, R., C. Dominguez, M. Tena, R. Prado de, R. Cavalloro (ed.), and G. Noye (ed.). 1989. Triazine-resistant weeds found in Spain. Importance and perspectives on herbicide-resistant weeds. Proceedings of a meeting of the EC Experts' Group, Tollose, Denmark, 15-17 November 1988. 11561: 67-79.
Mutant weeds of Iowa: s-triazine-resistant plastids in Chenopodium album L.
Dekker, J. and R. Burmester. 1989. Mutant weeds of Iowa: s-triazine-resistant plastids in Chenopodium album L. Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science. 96: 61-64.
Herbicide resistance in France.
Gasquez, J., H. Darmency, R. Cavalloro (ed.), and G. Noye (ed.). 1989. Herbicide resistance in France. Importance and perspectives on herbicide-resistant weeds. Proceedings of a meeting of the EC Experts' Group, Tollose, Denmark, 15-17 November 1988. 11561: 81-94.
Fluorescence study of the molecular basis of photosystem II-herbicide resistance.
Figeys, H. P., R. Lannoye, P. Panneels, S. Pattijn, B. Vanden Bril, F. Eycken van, and F. Van Eycken. 1989. Fluorescence study of the molecular basis of photosystem II-herbicide resistance. Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent. 54: 303-306.
Control of triazine-resistant smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus) and common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) in no-till corn (Zea mays).
Hagood, E. S. Jr. 1989. Control of triazine-resistant smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus) and common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) in no-till corn (Zea mays). Weed Technology. 3: 136-142.
Characterization of triazine-resistant biotypes of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), hairy fleabane (Conyza bonaeriensis), and yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca) found in Spain.
Prado, R. de, C. Dominguez, and M. Tena. 1989. Characterization of triazine-resistant biotypes of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), hairy fleabane (Conyza bonaeriensis), and yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca) found in Spain. Weed Science. 37: 1-4.
Comparison of the photosynthetic capacity and chlorophyll fluorescence for triazine resistant and susceptible Chenopodium album L.
Smis, K., R. Lemeur, and R. Bulcke. 1989. Comparison of the photosynthetic capacity and chlorophyll fluorescence for triazine resistant and susceptible Chenopodium album L. Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent. 54: 307-316.
Chloroplastic resistance of weeds to triazines in the Netherlands until 1988.
Oorschot, J. L. P. van, J. L. P. Van Oorschot, R. Cavalloro (ed.), and G. Noye (ed.). 1989. Chloroplastic resistance of weeds to triazines in the Netherlands until 1988. Importance and perspectives on herbicide-resistant weeds. Proceedings of a meeting of the EC Experts' Group, Tollose, Denmark, 15-17 November 1988. 11561: 41-45.
Recent major problems of weed control in New Zealand.
Rahman, A. 1988. Recent major problems of weed control in New Zealand. Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent. 53: 1335-1342.
Inhibition of photosynthesis in intact plants of biotypes resistant or susceptible to atrazine and cross-resistant to other herbicides.
Oorschot, J. L. P. van, P. H. Leeuwen van, J. L. P. Van Oorschot, and P. H. Van Leeuwen. 1988. Inhibition of photosynthesis in intact plants of biotypes resistant or susceptible to atrazine and cross-resistant to other herbicides. Weed Research. 28: 223-230.
On the occurrence and distribution of chlorplastic resistance of weeds to triazines in the Netherlands.
Oorschot, J. L. P. van and H. J. M. Straathof. 1988. On the occurrence and distribution of chlorplastic resistance of weeds to triazines in the Netherlands. VIIIe Colloque International sur la Biologie, l'Ecologie et la Systematique des Mauvaises Herbes. 1: 267-275.
Problems of herbicide-resistant weeds.
Mikulka, J. and D. Chodova. 1988. Problems of herbicide-resistant weeds. Agrochemia. 28: 207-212.
Effect of selected herbicides on various resistant biotypes of fat hen (Chenopodium album L.).
Mikulka, J. 1988. Effect of selected herbicides on various resistant biotypes of fat hen (Chenopodium album L.). Sbornik UVTIZ, Ochrana Rostlin. 24: 127-134.
Using the Hill reaction to distinguish between atrazine-resistant and sensitive weed biotypes.
Kockova, M., D. Chodova, and J. Mikulka. 1988. Using the Hill reaction to distinguish between atrazine-resistant and sensitive weed biotypes. Agrochemia. 28: 87-90.
The development of triazine-resistant annual weeds in Bavaria and experience with their control.
Kees, H. 1988. The development of triazine-resistant annual weeds in Bavaria and experience with their control. Gesunde Pflanzen. 40: 407-414.
Distribution of triazine-resistant smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus) and common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) in Virginia.
Vencill, W. K. and C. L. Foy. 1988. Distribution of triazine-resistant smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus) and common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) in Virginia. Weed Science. 36: 497-499.
Weed problems in vegetable crops in Belgium.
Bulcke, R., J. Stryckers, M. Himme van, and M. Van Himme. 1988. Weed problems in vegetable crops in Belgium. Weed control in vegetable production. Proceedings of a meeting of the EC Experts' Group, Stuttgart 28-31 Oct. 1986. : 65-70.
Preliminary data on selection and characterization of atrazine resistant cell lines in Nicotiana tabacum and Chenopodium album.
Bettini, P. and P. Bogani. 1988. Preliminary data on selection and characterization of atrazine resistant cell lines in Nicotiana tabacum and Chenopodium album. Genetica Agraria. 42: 61-62.
A mitochondrial transcript with homology to the 3' end of the chloroplast psbA gene is present only in the atrazine-resistant biotype of Chenopodium album.
Bettini, P., S. MacNally, M. Sevignac, and M. Dron. 1988. A mitochondrial transcript with homology to the 3' end of the chloroplast psbA gene is present only in the atrazine-resistant biotype of Chenopodium album. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 75: 291-297.
Searching for atrazine resistant weed populations in Czechoslovakia.
Chodova, D. 1988. Searching for atrazine resistant weed populations in Czechoslovakia. Fragmenta Herbologica Jugoslavica. 17: 37-43.
Variation of transhexadecenoic acid content in two triazine resistant mutants of Chenopodium album and their susceptible progenitor.
Tremolieres, A., H. Darmency, J. Gasquez, M. Dron, and A. Connan. 1988. Variation of transhexadecenoic acid content in two triazine resistant mutants of Chenopodium album and their susceptible progenitor. Plant Physiology. 86: 967-970.
Photosystem II activity and triazine resistance in weeds.
Sinclair, J. and P. MacDonald. 1987. Photosystem II activity and triazine resistance in weeds. Canadian Journal of Botany. 65: 2147-2151.
Atrazine resistance in Chenopodium album. Low and high levels of resistance to the herbicide are related to the same chloroplast psbA gene mutation.
Bettini, P., S. McNally, M. Sevignac, H. Darmency, J. Gasquez, and M. Dron. 1987. Atrazine resistance in Chenopodium album. Low and high levels of resistance to the herbicide are related to the same chloroplast psbA gene mutation. Plant Physiol. 84: 1442-1446.
Effects of temperature on triazine-resistant weed biotypes.
Vencill, W. K., C. L. Foy, and D. M. Orcutt. 1987. Effects of temperature on triazine-resistant weed biotypes. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 27: 473-480.
New cases of co-resistance in weed stands resistant to atrazine.
Solymosi, P. and E. Lehoczki. 1987. New cases of co-resistance in weed stands resistant to atrazine. Novenyvedelem. 23: 439-444.
Differential sensitivity of resistant and sensitive Chenopodium album biotypes to herbicides.
Mikulka, J. and D. Chodova. 1987. Differential sensitivity of resistant and sensitive Chenopodium album biotypes to herbicides. Agrochemia. 27: 241-243.
Studies on the resistance of Chenopodium album populations to herbicides.
Arlt, K. and B. Juttersonke. 1987. Studies on the resistance of Chenopodium album populations to herbicides. Nachrichtenblatt fur den Pflanzenschutz in der DDR. 41: 209-212.
Development of resistant weed biotypes following long-term application of herbicides.
Mikulka, J. 1987. Development of resistant weed biotypes following long-term application of herbicides. Internationale Zeitschrift der Landwirtschaft. 1: 59-62.
Photosystem II heterogeneity in triazine-resistant and susceptible biotypes of Chenopodium album.
Rensen, J. J. S. van and Spatjens LEEM. 1987. Photosystem II heterogeneity in triazine-resistant and susceptible biotypes of Chenopodium album. Zeitschrift fur naturforschung. Section C, Biosciences. 42: 794-797.
Control of triazine resistant common lambsquarters in corn.
Myers, M. G. and R. G. Harvey. 1986. Control of triazine resistant common lambsquarters in corn. Proceedings, North Central Weed Control Conference. 41: 78.
Detection of atrazine-resistant biotypes of pigweed and goosefoot by the fluorescence method.
Chodova, D., J. Kral, and J. Zemanek. 1986. Detection of atrazine-resistant biotypes of pigweed and goosefoot by the fluorescence method. Agrochemia. 26: 205-207.
1986 Survey of perennial weeds in Wisconsin.
Doll, J. D. and M. Visocky. 1986. 1986 Survey of perennial weeds in Wisconsin. Proceedings, North Central Weed Control Conference. 41: 64-74.
Herbicide cross-resistance in triazine-resistant biotypes of four species.
Fuerst, E. P., C. J. Arntzen, K. Pfister, and D. Penner. 1986. Herbicide cross-resistance in triazine-resistant biotypes of four species. Weed Science. 34: 344-353.
Difference in herbicide resistance to various taxonomic populations of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) and late-flowering goosefoot (Chenopodium strictum) in Hungary.
Solymosi, P., E. Lehoczki, and G. Laskay. 1986. Difference in herbicide resistance to various taxonomic populations of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) and late-flowering goosefoot (Chenopodium strictum) in Hungary. Weed Science. 34: 175-180.
Organization of the photosynthetic apparatus from triazine-resistant and -susceptible biotypes of several plant species.
Lemoine, Y., J. P. Dubacq, G. Zabulon, and J. M. Ducruet. 1986. Organization of the photosynthetic apparatus from triazine-resistant and -susceptible biotypes of several plant species. Canadian Journal of Botany. 64: 2999-3007.
Comparison of photosynthetic activity and growth performance in triazine-resistant and susceptible biotypes of Chenopodium album.
Jansen, M. A. K., J. H. Hobe, J. C. Wesselius, J. J. S. Rensen van, and J. J. S. Van Rensen. 1986. Comparison of photosynthetic activity and growth performance in triazine-resistant and susceptible biotypes of Chenopodium album. Physiologie Vegetale. 24: 475-484.
Electrophoretic variation in triazine-resistant and susceptible populations of Amaranthus retroflexus L.
Warwick, S. I. and L. D. Black. 1986. Electrophoretic variation in triazine-resistant and susceptible populations of Amaranthus retroflexus L. New Phytologist. 104: 661-670.
Resistance phenomena in cereal production.
Cure, B. 1986. Resistance phenomena in cereal production. Cultivar. 1986, No.92, Supplement, 13-14. : .
Triazine resistance in common lambsquarters and smooth pigweed in Virginia.
Vencill, W. K. and C. L. Foy. 1986. Triazine resistance in common lambsquarters and smooth pigweed in Virginia. Proceedings, Southern Weed Science Society, 39th annual meeting. : 25.
The photosynthetic membrane as the target of herbicidal action.
Boger, P. 1985. The photosynthetic membrane as the target of herbicidal action. Plant Research and Development. 21: 69-84.
Atrazine metabolism in resistant and susceptible biotypes of Chenopodium album L., Chenopodium strictum Roth., and Amaranthus powellii S. Wats.
Khan, S. U., S. I. Warwick, and P. B. Marriage. 1985. Atrazine metabolism in resistant and susceptible biotypes of Chenopodium album L., Chenopodium strictum Roth., and Amaranthus powellii S. Wats. Weed Research. 25: 33-37.
Triazine resistant weed survey in Maryland.
Marose, B. H. 1985. Triazine resistant weed survey in Maryland. Proceedings, 39th annual meeting of the Northeastern Weed Science Society. : 114.
Triazine herbicide resistance in Chenopodium album L.: occurrence and characteristics of an intermediate biotype.
Gasquez, J., A. Al Mouemar, and H. Darmency. 1985. Triazine herbicide resistance in Chenopodium album L.: occurrence and characteristics of an intermediate biotype. Pesticide Science. 16: 392-396.
Which genes for chloroplast resistance to triazines in Chenopodium album L.?
Gasquez, J., A. Al Mouemar, and H. Darmency. 1984. Which genes for chloroplast resistance to triazines in Chenopodium album L.? Comptes rendus du 7eme colloque international sur l'ecologie, la biologie et la systematique des mauvaises herbes. : 281-286.
Herbicide-resistant biotypes, of meadow-grass, Poa annua L. and fat hen, Chenopodium album, L.
Himme, M. van, J. Stryckers, and R. Bulcke. 1984. Herbicide-resistant biotypes, of meadow-grass, Poa annua L. and fat hen, Chenopodium album, L. Mededelingen van het Centrum voor Onkruidonderzoek van de Rijksuniversiteit Gent. 40: 151-155.
Ultrastructural alterations to chloroplasts in triazine-resistant weed biotypes.
Vaughn, K. C. and S. O. Duke. 1984. Ultrastructural alterations to chloroplasts in triazine-resistant weed biotypes. Physiologia Plantarum. 62: 510-520.
Factors affecting herbicide resistance and control of atrazine-resistant weeds in maize.
Ammon, H. U. 1984. Factors affecting herbicide resistance and control of atrazine-resistant weeds in maize. Schweizerische Landwirtschaftliche Forschung. 23: 153-159.
Spread of triazine-resistant weeds in Switzerland and control measures to date.
Ammon, H. U. and E. Beuret. 1984. Spread of triazine-resistant weeds in Switzerland and control measures to date. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz. 1984, Sonderheft 10. : 183-191.
Distribution and spread of atrazine-resistant broadleaved weeds in Italy.
Zanin, G., I. Molle, and C. Vazzana. 1984. Distribution and spread of atrazine-resistant broadleaved weeds in Italy. Comptes rendus du 7eme colloque international sur l'ecologie, la biologie et la systematique des mauvaises herbes. : 273-280.
Studies on the nature of triazine resistance in weeds.
Ahrens, W. H. 1983. Studies on the nature of triazine resistance in weeds. Dissertation Abstracts International, B. 43: 2763.
Distribution of triazine-resistant weeds in Hungary and possibilities of control.
Torok, T. 1983. Distribution of triazine-resistant weeds in Hungary and possibilities of control. Novenyvedelem. 19: 263.
Control of atrazine-resistant fathen in maize.
Rahman, A., T. K. James, J. Mortimer, M. J. Hartley (ed.), and A. J. Popay (ed.). 1983. Control of atrazine-resistant fathen in maize. Proceedings of the thirty sixth New Zealand weed and pest control conference. : 229-232.
Weeds resistant to herbicides.
Voevodin, A. V. 1982. Weeds resistant to herbicides. Sel'skoe Khozyaistvo za Rubezhom. 8: 30-34.
Atrazine tolerance in fathen (Chenopodium album).
Hillmann, U. and E. Schlosser. 1982. Atrazine tolerance in fathen (Chenopodium album). Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent. 47: 45-50.

CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

CHESTER FOY	Edit
Virginia Tech. Plant Pathol./Physiol./Weed Sci. 502 Price Hall Blacksburg, 24061, Virginia USA Email Chester Foy

KRITON HATZIOS	Edit
Virginia Tech. Plant Pathol./Physiol./Weed Sci. 203 Plant Molecular Biology Blacksburg, 24061, Virginia USA Email Kriton Hatzios

Acknowledgements

Where to now?

The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The North American Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, the Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Virginia have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Chester Foy, and Kriton Hatzios for providing detailed information.

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