Herbicide Resistant Weeds

GROUP C2/7 RESISTANT LITTLE SEED CANARY GRASS (Phalaris minor)
India

Saturday, July 31, 2010

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Little Seed Canary Grass

1.	Introduction
2.	Level of Infestation
3.	Quick Statistics
4.	Notes about this biotype
5.	Academic Aspects
6.	R Little Seed Canary Grass Globally
7.	Fact Sheets and Literature
8.	Contributing Weed Scientists
9.	Acknowledgements
10.	Where to now?

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Introduction

Level of Infestation

Little Seed Canary Grass (Phalaris minor) is a monocot weed in the Poaceae family. In India this weed first evolved resistance to Group C2/7 herbicides in 1991 and infests wheat. Group C2/7 herbicides are known as Ureas and amides (Inhibition of photosynthesis at photosystem II). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to isoproturon and they may be cross-resistant to other Group C2/7 herbicides.

Local weed scientists estimate that Group C2/7 resistant Little Seed Canary Grass in India infests 10001-100000 sites and the number of sites are increasing. They also estimate that there are 1-2 million acres infested with Group C2/7 resistant Little Seed Canary Grass and the area infested is increasing.

The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their mode of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS ( last updated Sep 15, 2000 )
Common Name	Little Seed Canary Grass
Species	Phalaris minor
Group	Ureas and amides (C2/7)
Herbicides	isoproturon
Location	India, Haryana
Year	1991
Situation(s)	wheat
Sites	10001-100000
Acres Infested	1-2 million
Contributors	Ram Malik, and Samunder Singh
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

AREAS FOUND

Samunder Singh

Rice-Wheat rotation areas of Haryana state, India (Punjab too). Eastern Zone of Haryana (India). Hisar.

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GENERAL

Samunder Singh

Resistance is increasing in area every year. More than 1 m ha area in Haryana and Punjab is infested with isoproturon resistant biotypes. Populations vary in levels of resistance to IPU. Cross-resistance to diclofop-methyl was observed after two applications in the field and hence recommendation of diclofop was withdrawn. Inconsistent results with pendimethalin under field conditions. Lower level of resistance has also been observed with clodinafop-propargyl and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl in the fields.

Population of R biotype is very high (up to two thousand plants/m2 in many places. Resistance is of a metabolic nature, photosynthesis recovers fourth day after treatment.

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MECHANISM

Dutta Mishra

The psbA gene that encodes the D1 protein of the PSII fraction was isolated from both isoproturon resistant and susceptible biotypes by PCR amplification using specific primers designed from psbA gene sequence for amaranthus given in the database. The psbA amplicon sequences for the resistant biotype have been obtained and submitted to the NCBI Gene bank. Sequence homology search reveals that the two nucleotide sequences differ at four positions: 71 (G to A), 88 (T to C), 292 (T to A) and 589 (T to C) resulting in a difference in amino acid sequence in the putative protein at positions 26 (Gly to Ser), 31 (Val to Ala) and 99 (Phe to Leu), respectively. Fourth change did not cause any change in amino acid. Protein structure modeling will reveal the mode of binding of isoproturon with two proteins and may confirm whether modification of binding site is cause of resistance against isoproturon in Phalaris minor.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Field, and Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible Little Seed Canary Grass biotype with this Little Seed Canary Grass biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

The genetic basis of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the genetic inheritance of this biotype please update the database.

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group C2/7 resistant Little Seed Canary Grass from India please update the database.

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HERBICIDE RESISTANT LITTLE SEED CANARY GRASS GLOBALLY
#	Country	Year	Sites	Acres	Mode of Action
1.	India	1991	10001-100000	1-2 million	Ureas and amides (C2/7)
2.	India Multiple Resistance	2006	11-50	1001-10000	ACCase inhibitors (A/1) ALS inhibitors (B/2) Ureas and amides (C2/7)
3.	Iran	2004	6-10	51-100	ACCase inhibitors (A/1)
4.	Iran	2006	2-5	51-100	ACCase inhibitors (A/1)
5.	Israel	1993	1	11-50	ACCase inhibitors (A/1)
6.	Mexico	1996	501-1000	1001-10000	ACCase inhibitors (A/1)
7.	Mexico	1996	1001-10000	10001-100000	ACCase inhibitors (A/1)
8.	Mexico	2006	101-500	1001-10000	ACCase inhibitors (A/1)
9.	South Africa Multiple Resistance	1999	6-10	unknown	ACCase inhibitors (A/1) ALS inhibitors (B/2)
10.	USA (California)	2001	2-5	11-50	ACCase inhibitors (A/1)

FACT SHEETS AND OTHER LITERATURE	Format
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Scientific Abstracts on Herbicide Resistant Phalaris minor
Bioefficacy of new herbicides for the control of resistant Phalaris minor in wheat.
Brar, L. S., U. Walia S., and B. Dhaliwal K. 1999. Bioefficacy of new herbicides for the control of resistant Phalaris minor in wheat. Pesticide Research Journal. 11: 177-180.
Mechanism of isoproturon resistance: the metabolism of isoproturon in susceptible and resistant biotypes of Phalaris minor.
Kulshrestha, G., S. Singh B., and N. Yaduraju T. 1999. Mechanism of isoproturon resistance: the metabolism of isoproturon in susceptible and resistant biotypes of Phalaris minor. 1999 Brighton crop protection conference: weeds. Proceedings of an international conference, Brighton, UK, 15-18 November 1999. 1: 167-172.
Biology and control of Phalaris minor Retz. (littleseed canarygrass) in wheat.
Samunder Singh, R. Kirkwood C., and G. Marshall. 1999. Biology and control of Phalaris minor Retz. (littleseed canarygrass) in wheat. Crop Protection. 18: 1-16.
Effect of ABT on the activity and rate of degradation of isoproturon in susceptible and resistant biotypes of Phalaris minor and in wheat.
Samunder Singh, R. Kirkwood C., and G. Marshall. 1998. Effect of ABT on the activity and rate of degradation of isoproturon in susceptible and resistant biotypes of Phalaris minor and in wheat. Pesticide Science. 53: 123-132.
Effect of the monooxygenase inhibitor piperonyl butoxide on the herbicidal activity and metabolism of isoproturon in herbicide resistant and susceptible biotypes of Phalaris minor and wheat.
Samunder Singh, R. Kirkwood C., and G. Marshall. 1998. Effect of the monooxygenase inhibitor piperonyl butoxide on the herbicidal activity and metabolism of isoproturon in herbicide resistant and susceptible biotypes of Phalaris minor and wheat. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 59: 143-153.
Development of resistance to herbicides in Phalaris minor and mapping of variations in weed flora.
Malik, R. K., Ashok Yadav, Samar Singh, and Y. Malik P. 1998. Development of resistance to herbicides in Phalaris minor and mapping of variations in weed flora. Wheat: research needs beyond 2000 AD. Proceedings of an international conference, 12-14 August 1997, Karnal, India. : 291-296.
Control of isoproturon resistant biotypes of Phalaris minor by chlorotoluron and clodinafop-propargyl.
Samunder Singh, R. Kirkwood C., and G. Marshall. 1998. Control of isoproturon resistant biotypes of Phalaris minor by chlorotoluron and clodinafop-propargyl. Resistant Pest Management. 10: 15-18.
Integrated management of Phalaris minor in rice-wheat ecosystems in India.
Bhan, V. M. and Sushilkumar. 1998. Integrated management of Phalaris minor in rice-wheat ecosystems in India. Ecological agriculture and sustainable development: Volume 2. Proceedings of International Conference on Ecological Agriculture: Towards Sustainable Development, Chandigarh, India, 15-17 November, 1997. : 400-415.
The occurrence of herbicide-resistant weeds worldwide.
Heap, I. M. 1997. The occurrence of herbicide-resistant weeds worldwide. Pesticide Science. 51: 235-243.
Resistance to isoproturon in Phalaris minor Retz. in Punjab.
Walia, U. S., L. S. Brar, and B. K. Dhaliwal. 1997. Resistance to isoproturon in Phalaris minor Retz. in Punjab. Plant Protection Quarterly. 12: 138-140.
Studies on isoproturon resistance in different biotypes of Phalaris minor Retz.
Rajvir Sharma, Jitendra Pandey, R. Sharma, and J. Pandey. 1997. Studies on isoproturon resistance in different biotypes of Phalaris minor Retz. Annals of Agricultural Research. 18: 344-347.
Effects of isoproturon on photosynthesis in susceptible and resistant biotypes of Phalaris minor and wheat.
Singh, S., R. C. Kirkwood, and G. Marshall. 1997. Effects of isoproturon on photosynthesis in susceptible and resistant biotypes of Phalaris minor and wheat. Weed Research. 37: 315-324.
Efficacy of diclofop-methyl against isoproturon-resistant Phalaris minor in relation to wheat cultivar and spacing.
Brar, L. S. and Bhagwant Singh. 1997. Efficacy of diclofop-methyl against isoproturon-resistant Phalaris minor in relation to wheat cultivar and spacing. 1997 Brighton crop protection conference: weeds. Proceedings of an international conference, Brighton, UK, 17-20 November 1997. 1: 331-336.
Uptake, translocation and metabolism of 14C isoproturon in wheat, susceptible and resistant biotypes of Phalaris minor.
Singh, S., R. C. Kirkwood, G. Marshall, H. Brown (ed.), G. W. Cussans (ed.), M. D. Devine (ed.), S. O. Duke (ed.), C. Fernandez Quintanilla (ed.), A. Helweg (ed.), R. E. Labrada (ed.), M. Landes (ed.), P. Kudsk (ed.), and J. C. Streibig. 1996. Uptake, translocation and metabolism of 14C isoproturon in wheat, susceptible and resistant biotypes of Phalaris minor. Proceedings of the second international weed control congress, Copenhagen, Denmark, 25-28 June 1996. 1-4: 529-534.
Uptake, translocation and metabolism of
Singh, S., R. Kirkwood C., and G. Marshall. 1996. Uptake, translocation and metabolism of Proceedings of the second international weed control congress, Copenhagen, Denmark, 25-28 June 1996. 1-4: 529-534.
Herbicide resistant weed problems in developing world and methods to overcome them.
Malik, R. K., H. Brown (ed.), G. W. Cussans (ed.), M. D. Devine (ed.), S. O. Duke (ed.), C. Fernandez Quintanilla (ed.), A. Helweg (ed.), R. E. Labrada (ed.), M. Landes (ed.), P. Kudsk (ed.), and J. C. Streibig. 1996. Herbicide resistant weed problems in developing world and methods to overcome them. Proceedings of the second international weed control congress, Copenhagen, Denmark, 25-28 June 1996. 1-4: 665-673.
Fenoxaprop-P resistance in Phalaris minor conferred by an insensitive acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase.
Tal, A., S. Zarka, and B. Rubin. 1996. Fenoxaprop-P resistance in Phalaris minor conferred by an insensitive acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 56: 134-140.
The effect of Silwet L-77 or fenoxaprop-P-ethyl on the efficacy of isoproturon applied to isoproturon resistant Phalaris minor.
Singh, S., R. C. Kirkwood, and G. Marshall. 1995. The effect of Silwet L-77 or fenoxaprop-P-ethyl on the efficacy of isoproturon applied to isoproturon resistant Phalaris minor. Brighton crop protection conference: weeds. Proceedings of an international conference, Brighton, UK, 20-23 November 1995. 1: 231-236.
Preliminary study on the effect of isoproturon against Phalaris minor plant biotypes.
Anil Dixit, V. M. Bhan, and A. Dixit. 1995. Preliminary study on the effect of isoproturon against Phalaris minor plant biotypes. Weed News. 2: 33-35.
Response of herbicide resistant Phalaris minor to pre- and post-emergence herbicides, herbicide mixtures and adjuvants.
Yaduraju, N. T. and K. N. Ahuja. 1995. Response of herbicide resistant Phalaris minor to pre- and post-emergence herbicides, herbicide mixtures and adjuvants. Brighton crop protection conference: weeds. Proceedings of an international conference, Brighton, UK, 20-23 November 1995. 1: 225-230.
Herbicide resistance and its management against Phalaris minor in India.
Malik, R. K. 1995. Herbicide resistance and its management against Phalaris minor in India. Weed News. 2: 39-40.
Littleseed canary grass (Phalaris minor) resistance to isoproturon in India.
Malik, R. K., Samunder Singh, and S. Singh. 1995. Littleseed canary grass (Phalaris minor) resistance to isoproturon in India. Weed Technology. 9: 419-425.
Effect of isoproturon on reducing and non-reducing sugars in two biotypes of Phalaris minor Retz.
Dhawan, R. S. and R. K. Malik. 1995. Effect of isoproturon on reducing and non-reducing sugars in two biotypes of Phalaris minor Retz. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology. 38: 171-172.
Effect of isoproturon at different rates and stages on physiological parameters of Phalaris minor Retz.
Tiwari, J. P. 1993. Effect of isoproturon at different rates and stages on physiological parameters of Phalaris minor Retz. Integrated weed management for sustainable agriculture. Proceedings of an Indian Society of Weed Science International Symposium, Hisar, India, 18-20 November 1993. 2: 89-91.
Resistance of some Phalaris minor Retz. biotypes to isoproturon but not to pendimethalin.
Samunder Singh, R. K. Malik, Y. P. Malik, V. K. Garg, and S. Singh. 1993. Resistance of some Phalaris minor Retz. biotypes to isoproturon but not to pendimethalin. Integrated weed management for sustainable agriculture. Proceedings of an Indian Society of Weed Science International Symposium, Hisar, India, 18-20 November 1993. 2: 125-130.

CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

RAM MALIK	Edit
CCS Haryana Agricultural University Department of Agronomy Hisar, 125 004, Haryana India

SAMUNDER SINGH	Edit
Agronomist CCS HARYANA AGRIL. UNIVERSITY Department of Agronomy Hisar, 125 004 India Email Samunder Singh

Acknowledgements

Where to now?

The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, the Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in India have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Ram Malik, and Samunder Singh for providing detailed information.

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