Herbicide Resistant Weeds

GROUP C2/7 RESISTANT BLACKGRASS (Alopecurus myosuroides)
The Netherlands

Tuesday, February 09, 2010

What's on this page

Blackgrass

1.	Introduction
2.	Level of Infestation
3.	Quick Statistics
4.	Notes about this biotype
5.	Academic Aspects
6.	R Blackgrass Globally
7.	Fact Sheets and Literature
8.	Contributing Weed Scientists
9.	Acknowledgements
10.	Where to now?

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Introduction

Level of Infestation

Blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides) is a monocot weed in the Poaceae family. In The Netherlands this weed first evolved resistance to Group C2/7 herbicides in 1989 and infests wheat. Group C2/7 herbicides are known as Ureas and amides (Inhibition of photosynthesis at photosystem II). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to chlorotoluron and they may be cross-resistant to other Group C2/7 herbicides.

Local weed scientists estimate that Group C2/7 resistant Blackgrass in The Netherlands infests 2-5 sites and the number of sites have stabilized. They also estimate that there are 11-50 acres infested with Group C2/7 resistant Blackgrass and the area infested has stabilized.

The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their mode of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS ( last updated Sep 15, 2000 )
Common Name	Blackgrass
Species	Alopecurus myosuroides
Group	Ureas and amides (C2/7)
Herbicides	chlorotoluron
Location	The Netherlands, Groningen
Year	1989
Situation(s)	wheat
Sites	2-5
Acres Infested	11-50
Contributors	Henk Naber
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

AREAS FOUND

Henk Naber

Netherlands in the province of Groningen.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible Blackgrass biotype with this Blackgrass biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

The genetic basis of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the genetic inheritance of this biotype please update the database.

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group C2/7 resistant Blackgrass from The Netherlands please update the database.

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HERBICIDE RESISTANT BLACKGRASS GLOBALLY
#	Country	Year	Sites	Acres	Mode of Action
1.	Belgium	1996	11-50	501-1000	ACCase inhibitors (A/1)
2.	Belgium	1996	unknown	unknown	Ureas and amides (C2/7)
3.	Belgium Multiple Resistance	1996	2-5	51-100	ACCase inhibitors (A/1) ALS inhibitors (B/2) Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5) Ureas and amides (C2/7) Dinitroanilines and others (K1/3)
4.	Denmark	2001	11-50	101-500	ACCase inhibitors (A/1)
5.	Denmark	2001	2-5	11-50	ACCase inhibitors (A/1)
6.	France	1993	101-500	1001-10000	ACCase inhibitors (A/1)
7.	France	1993	unknown	unknown	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
8.	France	2000	101-500	unknown	ACCase inhibitors (A/1)
9.	France	2006	11-50	101-500	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
10.	Germany Multiple Resistance	1983	51-100	1001-10000	ACCase inhibitors (A/1) Ureas and amides (C2/7)
11.	Germany	2001	6-10	501-1000	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
12.	Germany	2003	1	6-10	ACCase inhibitors (A/1)
13.	Germany Multiple Resistance	2007	2-5	51-100	ACCase inhibitors (A/1) ALS inhibitors (B/2) Ureas and amides (C2/7) Chloroacetamides and others (K3/15)
14.	Israel	1979	11-50	51-100	Ureas and amides (C2/7)
15.	Spain	1991	1	1-5	Ureas and amides (C2/7)
16.	Switzerland	1997	2-5	51-100	Ureas and amides (C2/7)
17.	The Netherlands	1989	2-5	11-50	Ureas and amides (C2/7)
18.	The Netherlands Multiple Resistance	1996	11-50	1001-10000	ACCase inhibitors (A/1) Ureas and amides (C2/7)
19.	The Netherlands	1999	6-10	101-500	ACCase inhibitors (A/1)
20.	Turkey	2001	6-10	1001-10000	ACCase inhibitors (A/1)
21.	Turkey Multiple Resistance	2008	2-5	101-500	ACCase inhibitors (A/1) ALS inhibitors (B/2)
22.	United Kingdom	1982	501-1000	1001-10000	ACCase inhibitors (A/1)
23.	United Kingdom	1982	501-1000	1001-10000	Ureas and amides (C2/7)
24.	United Kingdom	1984	unknown	unknown	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
25.	United Kingdom	1987	unknown	unknown	Dinitroanilines and others (K1/3)

FACT SHEETS AND OTHER LITERATURE	Format
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Scientific Abstracts on Herbicide Resistant Alopecurus myosuroides
A molecular assay for the proactive detection of target site-based resistance to herbicides inhibiting acetolactate synthase in Alopecurus myosuroides.
Délye, C., and K. Boucansaud. 2008. A molecular assay for the proactive detection of target site-based resistance to herbicides inhibiting acetolactate synthase in Alopecurus myosuroides. Weed Research. 48: 97-101.
A pollen test to detect ACCase target-site resistance within Alopecurus myosuroides populations.
Letouze, A. and J. Gasquez. 2000. A pollen test to detect ACCase target-site resistance within Alopecurus myosuroides populations. Weed Research. 40: 151-162.
A rapid reliable test for screening aryloxyphenoxypropionic acid resistance within Alopecurus myosuroides and Lolium spp. populations.
Letouze, A. and J. Gasquez. 1999. A rapid reliable test for screening aryloxyphenoxypropionic acid resistance within Alopecurus myosuroides and Lolium spp. populations. Weed Research. 39: 37-48.
An investigation of glutathione S-transferase activity in Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. (black-grass) in the field.
Milner, L. J., J. Reade P. H., and A. Cobb H. 1999. An investigation of glutathione S-transferase activity in Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. (black-grass) in the field. 1999 Brighton crop protection conference: weeds. Proceedings of an international conference, Brighton, UK, 15-18 November 1999. 1: 173-178.
The occurrence of herbicide-resistant grass-weeds in the United Kingdom and a new system for designating resistance in screening assays.
Moss, S. R., J. Clarke H., A. Blair M., T. Culley N., M. Read A., P. Ryan J., and M. Turner. 1999. The occurrence of herbicide-resistant grass-weeds in the United Kingdom and a new system for designating resistance in screening assays. 1999 Brighton crop protection conference: weeds. Proceedings of an international conference, Brighton, UK, 15-18 November 1999. 1: 179-184.
Rapid tests for herbicide resistance in black-grass based on elevated glutathione S-transferase activity and abundance.
Reade, J. P. H., J. Belfield L., and A. Cobb H. 1999. Rapid tests for herbicide resistance in black-grass based on elevated glutathione S-transferase activity and abundance. 1999 Brighton crop protection conference: weeds. Proceedings of an international conference, Brighton, UK, 15-18 November 1999. 1: 185-190.
Activity of tepraloxydim (BAS 620H), a new cyclohexanedione herbicide, on herbicide-resistant black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides).
Ruske, R. E. and S. Moss R. 1999. Activity of tepraloxydim (BAS 620H), a new cyclohexanedione herbicide, on herbicide-resistant black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides). 1999 Brighton crop protection conference: weeds. Proceedings of an international conference, Brighton, UK, 15-18 November 1999. 1: 191-196.
Screening for herbicide resistance in black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides): a "ring" test.
Moss, S. R., A. Albertini, K. Arlt, A. Blair, L. Collings, R. Bulcke, H. Eelen, J. Claude P., M. Cordingley, R. Murfitt, J. Gasquez, C. Vacher, P. Goodliffe, K. Cranstone, P. Kudsk, S. Mathiassen, R. Prado de, D. Prosch, B. Rubin, O. Schmidt, H. Walter. 1998. Screening for herbicide resistance in black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides): a "ring" test. Mededelingen Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen, Universiteit Gent. 63: 671-679.
Herbicide resistance in Mediterranean areas of Spain, France and Italy.: Resistances aux herbicides dans les zones Mediterraneennes en Espagne, France et Italie.
Gasquez, J., R. Prado de, and G. Zanin. 1998. Herbicide resistance in Mediterranean areas of Spain, France and Italy.: Resistances aux herbicides dans les zones Mediterraneennes en Espagne, France et Italie. Comptes-rendus 6eme symposium mediterraneen EWRS, Montpellier, France, 13-15 mai 1998. : 165-172.
Localized origins of herbicide resistance in Alopecurus myosuroides.
Cavan, G., P. Biss, and S. Moss R. 1998. Localized origins of herbicide resistance in Alopecurus myosuroides. Weed Research. 38: 239-245.
Resistance problems with blackgrass?
Lainsbury, M. 1998. Resistance problems with blackgrass? Agronomist. 2: 2-5.
The occurrence of herbicide-resistant weeds worldwide.
Heap, I. M. 1997. The occurrence of herbicide-resistant weeds worldwide. Pesticide Science. 51: 235-243.
Mechanisms of resistance to aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicides in two resistant biotypes of Alopecurus myosuroides (blackgrass): herbicide metabolism as a cross-resistance mechanism.
Hall, L. M., S. Moss R., and S. Powles B. 1997. Mechanisms of resistance to aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicides in two resistant biotypes of Alopecurus myosuroides (blackgrass): herbicide metabolism as a cross-resistance mechanism. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 57: 87-98.
Herbicide resistance in blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) in Belgium.
Eelen, H., R. Bulcke, and D. Callens. 1997. Herbicide resistance in blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) in Belgium. Mededelingen Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen, Universiteit Gent. 62: 777-784.
The role of propyzamide in management of herbicide resistant black- grass in oilseed rape.
Edmonds, J. and J. Caseley C. 1997. The role of propyzamide in management of herbicide resistant black- grass in oilseed rape. 1997 Brighton crop protection conference: weeds. Proceedings of an international conference, Brighton, UK, 17-20 November 1997. 1: 351-356.
Glutathione transferases in herbicide-resistant and herbicide- susceptible black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides).
Cummins, I., S. Moss, D. Cole J., and R. Edwards. 1997. Glutathione transferases in herbicide-resistant and herbicide- susceptible black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides). Pesticide Science. 51: 244-250.
Variation in cross-resistance in blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides) within and between populations: implications for management.
Willis, A. D., A. Mortimer M., P. Putwain D., and S. Moss R. 1997. Variation in cross-resistance in blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides) within and between populations: implications for management. 1997 Brighton crop protection conference: weeds. Proceedings of an international conference, Brighton, UK, 17-20 November 1997. 2: 675-676.
Growth and photosynthetic characteristics of two biotypes of the weed black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) resistant and susceptible to the herbicide chlorotoluron.
Sharples, C. R., M. R. Hull, and A. H. Cobb. 1997. Growth and photosynthetic characteristics of two biotypes of the weed black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) resistant and susceptible to the herbicide chlorotoluron. Annals of Botany. 79: 455-461.
Herbicide resistance and gene flow in black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides) and wild-oats (Avena spp.).
Cavan, G. and S. Moss R. 1997. Herbicide resistance and gene flow in black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides) and wild-oats (Avena spp.). 1997 Brighton crop protection conference: weeds. Proceedings of an international conference, Brighton, UK, 17-20 November 1997. 1: 305-310.
Revised guidelines for preventing and managing herbicide-resistant grass-weeds.
Anon. 1997. Revised guidelines for preventing and managing herbicide-resistant grass-weeds. Revised guidelines for preventing and managing herbicide resistant grass weeds. : 8.
Development of new reliable quick tests and state of grass-weed herbicide resistance in France.
Letouze, A., J. Gasquez, D. Vaccara, D. Orlando, J. Leterrier L., C. Roy, and E. Bouvard Derieux. 1997. Development of new reliable quick tests and state of grass-weed herbicide resistance in France. 1997 Brighton crop protection conference: weeds. Proceedings of an international conference, Brighton, UK, 17-20 November 1997. 1: 325-330.
The technical and financial impact of herbicide resistant black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides) on individual farm businesses in England.
Orson, J. H. and D. Harris. 1997. The technical and financial impact of herbicide resistant black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides) on individual farm businesses in England. 1997 Brighton crop protection conference: weeds. Proceedings of an international conference, Brighton, UK, 17-20 November 1997. 3: 1127-1132.
Detoxification of chlorotoluron in a chlorotoluron-resistant biotype of Alopecurus myosuroides. Comparison between cell cultures and whole plants.
Menendez, J., R. Prado de, and R. De Prado. 1997. Detoxification of chlorotoluron in a chlorotoluron-resistant biotype of Alopecurus myosuroides. Comparison between cell cultures and whole plants. Physiologia Plantarum. 99: 97-104.
An integrated strategy for the successful management of herbicide resistant Alopecurus myosuroides (black-grass) in the UK.
Read, M. A., J. Palmer J., and S. Howard. 1997. An integrated strategy for the successful management of herbicide resistant Alopecurus myosuroides (black-grass) in the UK. 1997 Brighton crop protection conference: weeds. Proceedings of an international conference, Brighton, UK, 17-20 November 1997. 1: 343-350.
A role for glutathione-S-transferase in herbicide resistance in black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides).
Reade, J. P. H., M. Hull R., and A. Cobb H. 1997. A role for glutathione-S-transferase in herbicide resistance in black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides). 1997 Brighton crop protection conference: weeds. Proceedings of an international conference, Brighton, UK, 17-20 November 1997. 2: 777-782.
Activity of JV 485, a protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, on herbicide-resistant black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides).
Moss, S. R. and M. Rooke S. 1997. Activity of JV 485, a protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, on herbicide-resistant black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides). 1997 Brighton crop protection conference: weeds. Proceedings of an international conference, Brighton, UK, 17-20 November 1997. 1: 337-342.
Chlorsulfuron cross-resistance in a chlorotoluron-resistant biotype of Alopecurus myosuroides.
Menendez, J. M., R. Prado de, and M. Devine D. 1997. Chlorsulfuron cross-resistance in a chlorotoluron-resistant biotype of Alopecurus myosuroides. 1997 Brighton crop protection conference: weeds. Proceedings of an international conference, Brighton, UK, 17-20 November 1997. 1: 319-324.
Quantification of the development of herbicide-resistant black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides) under herbicide-based resistance management regimes.
Ryan, P. J. and C. Mills E. 1997. Quantification of the development of herbicide-resistant black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides) under herbicide-based resistance management regimes. 1997 Brighton crop protection conference: weeds. Proceedings of an international conference, Brighton, UK, 17-20 November 1997. 3: 1141-1146.
Is diclofop resistance in Alopecurus myosuroides associated with an altered effect on the plasma membrane electrogenic potential?
Prado, R. de and R. Shimabukuro H. 1997. Is diclofop resistance in Alopecurus myosuroides associated with an altered effect on the plasma membrane electrogenic potential? 1997 Brighton crop protection conference: weeds. Proceedings of an international conference, Brighton, UK, 17-20 November 1997. 2: 807-812.
Characteristics of acetyl-CoA carboxylases from graminicide-tolerant grasses.
Price, L. J., J. Harwood L., D. Cole J., and S. Moss R. 1997. Characteristics of acetyl-CoA carboxylases from graminicide-tolerant grasses. 1997 Brighton crop protection conference: weeds. Proceedings of an international conference, Brighton, UK, 17-20 November 1997. 2: 783-788.
Discovery of gramicide resistant weeds in cereal fields.
Orlando, D., P. Dapilly, G. Bertin, J. L. Leterrier, and J. Gasquez. 1996. Discovery of gramicide resistant weeds in cereal fields. Seizieme conference du COLUMA. Journees internationales sur la lutte contre les mauvaises herbes, Reims, France, 6-8 decembre 1995. 1: 211-224.
An investigation into chlorotoluron resistance in blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides).
Sharples, K. and A. H. Cobb. 1996. An investigation into chlorotoluron resistance in blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides). Pesticide Science. 46: 284-286.
Diclofop-methyl cross-resistance in a chlorotoluron-resistant biotype of Alopecurus myosuroides.
Menendez, J., R. Prado de, and R. De Prado. 1996. Diclofop-methyl cross-resistance in a chlorotoluron-resistant biotype of Alopecurus myosuroides. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 56: 123-133.
Metabolism of propaquizafop in chlorotoluron-resistant and -susceptible biotypes of Alopecurus myosuroides.
Menendez, J., R. Prado de, R. De Prado, H. Brown (ed.), G. W. Cussans (ed.), M. D. Devine (ed.), S. O. Duke (ed.), C. Fernandez Quintanilla (ed.), A. Helweg (ed.), R. E. Labrada (ed.), M. Landes (ed.), P. Kudsk (ed.), and J. C. Streibig. 1996. Metabolism of propaquizafop in chlorotoluron-resistant and -susceptible biotypes of Alopecurus myosuroides. Proceedings of the second international weed control congress, Copenhagen, Denmark, 25-28 June 1996. 1-4: 517-521.
Resistance of weeds to some graminicides.
Decoin, M. 1996. Resistance of weeds to some graminicides. Phytoma. 488: 49-52.
Resistance to fenoxaprop and clodinafop in blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) in Belgium.
Eelen, H., R. Bulcke, and D. Callens. 1996. Resistance to fenoxaprop and clodinafop in blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) in Belgium. Parasitica. 52: 109-116.
A study of herbicide action and resistance at elevated levels of carbon dioxide.
Edis, D., M. R. Hull, A. H. Cobb, and G. E. Sanders Mill. 1996. A study of herbicide action and resistance at elevated levels of carbon dioxide. Implications of 'Global environmental change' for crops in Europe, 1-3 April 1996, Churchill College, Cambridge, UK. Aspects-of-Applied-Biology. 45: 205-210.
Effects of soil type, weather and resistance on efficacy of herbicides against black-grass.
Blair, A. M., J. H. Clarke, and J. H. Orson. 1996. Effects of soil type, weather and resistance on efficacy of herbicides against black-grass. HGCA Project Report. 131: 10pp..
The state of resistance to herbicides in weeds.
Gasquez, J. 1996. The state of resistance to herbicides in weeds. Seizieme conference du COLUMA. Journees internationales sur la lutte contre les mauvaises herbes, Reims, France, 6-8 decembre 1995. 1: 201-210.
Chlorotoluron metabolism in leaves of resistant and susceptible biotypes of the grass weed Alopecurus myosuroides.
Hyde, R. J., D. L. Hallahan, and J. R. Bowyer. 1996. Chlorotoluron metabolism in leaves of resistant and susceptible biotypes of the grass weed Alopecurus myosuroides. Pesticide Science. 47: 185-190.
Mechanism of resistance to chlorotoluron in two biotypes of the grass weed Alopecurus myosuroides.
Hall, L. M., S. R. Moss, and S. B. Powles. 1995. Mechanism of resistance to chlorotoluron in two biotypes of the grass weed Alopecurus myosuroides. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 53: 180-192.
The control of herbicide-resistant Alopecurus myosuroides (blackgrass).
Mills, C. E. and P. J. Ryan. 1995. The control of herbicide-resistant Alopecurus myosuroides (blackgrass). Brighton crop protection conference: weeds. Proceedings of an international conference, Brighton, UK, 20-23 November 1995. 3: 1153-1160.
Phytotoxicity of trifluoromethyl- and methyl-substituted dinitroaniline herbicides on resistant and susceptible populations of black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides).
James, E. H., M. S. Kemp, and S. R. Moss. 1995. Phytotoxicity of trifluoromethyl- and methyl-substituted dinitroaniline herbicides on resistant and susceptible populations of black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides). Pesticide Science. 43: 273-277.
Inheritance of herbicide resistance in black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides) and responses of the weed to a range of herbicides.
Moss, S. R. and J. H. Clarke. 1995. Inheritance of herbicide resistance in black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides) and responses of the weed to a range of herbicides. HGCA Project Report. 1995, No. 116, 100 pp. : .
The effect of herbicide safeners on chlorotoluron susceptible and resistant black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides).
Sharples, C. R., M. R. Hull, and A. H. Cobb. 1995. The effect of herbicide safeners on chlorotoluron susceptible and resistant black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides). Brighton crop protection conference: weeds. Proceedings of an international conference, Brighton, UK, 20-23 November 1995. 1: 359-360.
Guidelines for the prevention and control of herbicide-resistant black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.).
Moss, S. R. and J. H. Clarke. 1994. Guidelines for the prevention and control of herbicide-resistant black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.). Crop Protection. 13: 230-234.
Resistance to chlorotoluron of a slender foxtail (Alopecurus myosuroides) biotype.
Menendez, J., J. Jorrin, E. Romera, R. Prado de, and R. De Prado. 1994. Resistance to chlorotoluron of a slender foxtail (Alopecurus myosuroides) biotype. Weed Science. 42: 340-344.
Mechanisms of cross and multiple herbicide resistance in Alopecurus myosuroides and Lolium rigidum.
Hall, L. M., F. J. Tardif, and S. B. Powles. 1994. Mechanisms of cross and multiple herbicide resistance in Alopecurus myosuroides and Lolium rigidum. Herbicide resistance workshop, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 9-10 December 1993. Phytoprotection. 75: 17-23.
Dealing with herbicide-resistant weeds.
Zwerger, P. 1994. Dealing with herbicide-resistant weeds. PSP Pflanzenschutz Praxis. 4: .
Relationships between genetic polymorphism and herbicide resistance within Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.
Chauvel, B. and J. Gasquez. 1994. Relationships between genetic polymorphism and herbicide resistance within Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. Heredity. 72: 336-344.
Alopecurus myosuroides control using fenoxaprop-ethyl dose adjustments, adjuvants & mixes.
Boothroyd, D., J. Clarke, D. Ickeringill, and J. Mackay. 1993. Alopecurus myosuroides control using fenoxaprop-ethyl dose adjustments, adjuvants & mixes. Brighton crop protection conference, weeds. Proceedings of an international conference. Brighton, UK, 22-25 November 1993. 2: 601-606.
Testing black-grass (Alepocursus myosuroides Huds.) for resistance to chlorotoluron in the glass house.
Moss, S. R. 1993. Testing black-grass (Alepocursus myosuroides Huds.) for resistance to chlorotoluron in the glass house. Intergrated weed management for sustainable agriculture. Proceedings of an Indian Society of Weed Science International Symposium, Hisar, India, 18-20 November 1993. : 29-32.
Growth analysis of chlorotoluron resistant and susceptible black-grass.
Sharples, C. R., G. E. Sanders, and A. H. Cobb. 1993. Growth analysis of chlorotoluron resistant and susceptible black-grass. Brighton crop protection conference, weeds. Proceedings of an international conference, Brighton, UK, 22-25 November 1993. 2: 627-628.
The testing and classification of herbicide resistant Alopecurus myosuroides (black-grass).
Clark, J. H., A. M. Blair, and S. R. Moss. 1993. The testing and classification of herbicide resistant Alopecurus myosuroides (black-grass). Aspects of Applied Biology. 37: 181-188.
Herbicide resistance and cytochrome P-450.
Hyde, R. J., A. K. Cheriton, D. L. Hallahan, and J. R. Bowyer. 1993. Herbicide resistance and cytochrome P-450. Brighton crop protection conference, weeds. Proceedings of an international conference, Brighton, UK, 22-25 November 1993. 2: 549-545.
Penetration, translocation and metabolization of diclofop-methyl in chlorotoluron-resistant and susceptible biotypes of Alopecurus myosuroides.
Menendez, J., R. Prado de, J. Jorrin, A. Taberner, and R. De Prado. 1993. Penetration, translocation and metabolization of diclofop-methyl in chlorotoluron-resistant and susceptible biotypes of Alopecurus myosuroides. Brighton crop protection conference, weeds. Proceedings of an international conference, Brighton, UK, 22-25 November 1993. 1: 213-220.
Herbicide resistance in black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides).
Moss, S. R. and J. Clarke. 1992. Herbicide resistance in black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides). HGCA Project Report. 1992, No. 62, 75 pp. : .
Use of fluorescence induction to diagnose resistance to Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. (black-grass) to chlorotoluron.
Oorschot, J. L. P. van, P. H. Leeuwen van, J. L. P. Van Oorschot, and P. H. Van Leeuwen. 1992. Use of fluorescence induction to diagnose resistance to Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. (black-grass) to chlorotoluron. Weed Research. 32: 473-482.
International organization for resistant pest management (IORPM) - a step toward rational resistance management recommendations.
Lebaron, H. M., J. Gressel, B. C. Smale, and D. M. Horne. 1992. International organization for resistant pest management (IORPM) - a step toward rational resistance management recommendations. Weed Technology. 6: 765-770.
Selection for fenoxaprop-P-ethyl resistance within black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) populations.
Chauvel, B., J. Gasquez, M. A. Doucey, and F. Perreau. 1992. Selection for fenoxaprop-P-ethyl resistance within black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) populations. IXe Colloque international sur la biologie des mauvaises herbes, 16-18 September 1992, Dijon, France. : 487-496.
Chlorotoluron resistance in a blackgrass Alopecurus myosuroides biotype is due to herbicide detoxification.
Jorrin, J., J. Menendez, E. Romera, A. Taberner, M. Tena, R. Prado de, and R. De Prado. 1992. Chlorotoluron resistance in a blackgrass Alopecurus myosuroides biotype is due to herbicide detoxification. Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent. 57: 1047-1052.
Cross resistance to herbicides in a weed (Alopecurus myosuroides Hudson).
Chauvel, B. 1992. Cross resistance to herbicides in a weed (Alopecurus myosuroides Hudson). Comptes Rendus des Seances de la Societe de Biologie et de ses Filiales. 186: 287-292.
The occurrence of herbicide resistant Alopecurus myosuroides (black-grass) in the United Kingdom and strategies for its control.
Clarke, J. H. and S. R. Moss. 1991. The occurrence of herbicide resistant Alopecurus myosuroides (black-grass) in the United Kingdom and strategies for its control. Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference, Weeds. 3: 1041-1048.
Response to substituted ureas, triazines and chloroacetanilides in a biotype of Alopecurus myosuroides resistant to chlorotoluron.
Prado, R. de, J. Menendez, M. Tena, J. C. Caseley, A. Taberner, and R. De Prado. 1991. Response to substituted ureas, triazines and chloroacetanilides in a biotype of Alopecurus myosuroides resistant to chlorotoluron. Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference, Weeds. 1991. 3: 1065-1070.
Herbicide cross-resistance in slender foxtail (Alopecurus myosuroides).
Moss, S. R. 1990. Herbicide cross-resistance in slender foxtail (Alopecurus myosuroides). Weed Science. 38: 492-496.
Resistance to substituted ureas: the case of blackgrass.
Chauvel, B. and J. Gasquez. 1990. Resistance to substituted ureas: the case of blackgrass. Defense des Vegetaux. 44: 22-27.
The distribution and control of herbicide resistant Alopecurus myosuroides (black-grass) in central and eastern England.
Clarke, J. H. and S. R. Moss. 1989. The distribution and control of herbicide resistant Alopecurus myosuroides (black-grass) in central and eastern England. Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference, Weeds. 1: 301-308.
The occurrence of herbicide-resistant weeds in the United Kingdom, with particular reference to Alopecurus myosuroides.
Moss, S. R., M. S. Kemp, R. Cavalloro (ed.), and G. Noye (ed.). 1989. The occurrence of herbicide-resistant weeds in the United Kingdom, with particular reference to Alopecurus myosuroides. Importance and perspectives on herbicide-resistant weeds. Proceedings of a meeting of the EC Experts' Group, Tollose, Denmark, 15-17 November 1988. 11561: 57-66.
The distribution of herbicide-resistant Alopecurus myosuroides (black-grass) in England.
Moss, S. R. and J. H. Orson. 1988. The distribution of herbicide-resistant Alopecurus myosuroides (black-grass) in England. Aspects of Applied Biology. 18: 177-185.
Repression of a herbicide resistance of blackgrass with cycloheximide.
Hansen, B., B. Maiss, and H. Bannwarth. 1988. Repression of a herbicide resistance of blackgrass with cycloheximide. Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fur Land und Forstwirtschaft Berlin Dahlem. 245: 204-205.
Synergistic effects of 1-aminobenzotriazole on the phytotoxicity of chlorotoluron and isoproturon in a resistant population of black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides).
Kemp, M. S. and J. C. Caseley. 1987. Synergistic effects of 1-aminobenzotriazole on the phytotoxicity of chlorotoluron and isoproturon in a resistant population of black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides). Proceedings 1987 British Crop Protection Conference, Weeds. 3: 894-899.
Detection and practical significance of herbicide resistance with particular reference to the weed Alopecurus myosuroides (black-grass).
Moss S.R. and Cussans G.W. 1987. Detection and practical significance of herbicide resistance with particular reference to the weed Alopecurus myosuroides (black-grass). Combating resistance to xenobiotics : biological and chemical approaches / edited by M.G. Ford ... [et al.]. Weinheim 1987. Federal Republic of Germany VCH. : 200-213.
Herbicide resistance in black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides).
Moss, S. R. 1987. Herbicide resistance in black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides). Proceedings 1987 British Crop Protection Conference, Weeds. 3: 879-886.
Development of resistant weed biotypes following long-term application of herbicides.
Mikulka, J. 1987. Development of resistant weed biotypes following long-term application of herbicides. Internationale Zeitschrift der Landwirtschaft. 1: 59-62.
Field trials on the efficacy of herbicides on resistant black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides) in different cultivation regimes.
Orson, J. H. and D. B. F. Livingston. 1987. Field trials on the efficacy of herbicides on resistant black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides) in different cultivation regimes. Proceedings 1987 British Crop Protection Conference, Weeds. 3: 887-899.
Triazine resistant grass weeds: cross resistance with wheat herbicide, a possible threat to cereal crops.
Rubin, B., T. Yaacoby, and M. Schonfeld. 1985. Triazine resistant grass weeds: cross resistance with wheat herbicide, a possible threat to cereal crops. Proceedings 1985 British Crop Protection Conference, Weeds. 3: 1171-1178.
Influence of soil moisture on isoproturon activity against Alopecurus myosuroides.
Blair, A. M. 1985. Influence of soil moisture on isoproturon activity against Alopecurus myosuroides. Weed Research. 25: 141-149.
Triazine-resistant grass weeds and their response to herbicides.
Yaacoby, T., M. Schonfeld, and B. Rubin. 1985. Triazine-resistant grass weeds and their response to herbicides. Phytoparasitica. 13: 232.
Resistance of blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides) from different sites to herbicides.
Niemann, P. and W. Pestemer. 1984. Resistance of blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides) from different sites to herbicides. Nachrichtenblatt des Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienstes. 36: 113-118.

CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

HENK NABER	Edit
Wageningen Agricultural University Dept. of Theoretical Production Ecology P.O. Box 430 Wageningen, 6700 AK The Netherlands Email Henk Naber

Acknowledgements

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The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, the Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in The Netherlands have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Henk Naber for providing detailed information.

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