Herbicide Resistant Weeds

GROUP C1/5 RESISTANT BLACK NIGHTSHADE (Solanum nigrum)
Switzerland

Tuesday, September 07, 2010

What's on this page

Black Nightshade

1.	Introduction
2.	Level of Infestation
3.	Quick Statistics
4.	Notes about this biotype
5.	Academic Aspects
6.	R Black Nightshade Globally
7.	Fact Sheets and Literature
8.	Contributing Weed Scientists
9.	Acknowledgements
10.	Where to now?

If we do not have a picture for this weed, or you can provide a better picture (scan, digital camera etc) please please e-mail it to us.

Introduction

Level of Infestation

Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum) is a dicot weed in the Solanaceae family. In Switzerland this weed first evolved resistance to Group C1/5 herbicides in 1983 and infests cropland, and pastures. Group C1/5 herbicides are known as Photosystem II inhibitors (Inhibition of photosynthesis at photosystem II). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to atrazine and they may be cross-resistant to other Group C1/5 herbicides.

Local weed scientists estimate that Group C1/5 resistant Black Nightshade in Switzerland infests 11-50 sites. They also estimate that there are 51-100 acres infested with Group C1/5 resistant Black Nightshade.

The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their mode of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS ( last updated Sep 15, 2000 )
Common Name	Black Nightshade
Species	Solanum nigrum
Group	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
Herbicides	atrazine
Location	Switzerland
Year	1983
Situation(s)	cropland, and pastures
Sites	11-50
Acres Infested	51-100
Contributors	Jean Mayor
Input Data	Edit this Case \| Add New Case of Resistance \| Add Note

NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

AREAS FOUND

Jean Mayor

All over Switzerland. Valais, Fribourg, Vaud, Geneva.

Edit this Note | Add New Note

ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Field, Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Black Nightshade biotype with this Black Nightshade biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

The genetic basis of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the genetic inheritance of this biotype please update the database.

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

Triazine resistant weeds often exhibit a lower relative fitness when compared to susceptible biotypes. The most common mutation conferring triazine resistance (Ser 264 to Gly mutation of the psbA gene) also causes a reduction in CO₂ fixation, quantum yield, and seed and biomass production. There is no record in this database referring specifically to fitness studies on Group C1/5 resistant Black Nightshade from Switzerland.

Edit Case | Add Note | Add Article | Add New Case | Help

HERBICIDE RESISTANT BLACK NIGHTSHADE GLOBALLY
#	Country	Year	Sites	Acres	Mode of Action
1.	Belgium	1981	501-1000	1001-10000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
2.	Czech Republic	1999	2-5	51-100	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
3.	France	1979	unknown	unknown	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
4.	Germany	1980	unknown	unknown	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
5.	Italy	1980	unknown	unknown	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
6.	Malaysia	1990	2-5	1-5	Bipyridiliums (D/22)
7.	New Zealand	1999	2-5	11-50	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
8.	Poland	1995	unknown	unknown	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
9.	Spain	1987	2-5	unknown	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
10.	Switzerland	1983	11-50	51-100	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
11.	The Netherlands	1981	501-1000	1001-10000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
12.	United Kingdom	1983	51-100	unknown	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)

FACT SHEETS AND OTHER LITERATURE	Format
At Present there are no articles on this case of resistance. Please help by adding an article.
Add New Article

Scientific Abstracts on Herbicide Resistant Solanum nigrum
Comparative growth of triazine-susceptible and -resistant biotypes of Solanum nigrum at different light levels.
Kremer, E. and M. Kropff J. 1999. Comparative growth of triazine-susceptible and -resistant biotypes of Solanum nigrum at different light levels. Annals of Botany. 83: 637-644.
Emergence depth of triazine susceptible and resistant Solanum nigrum seeds.
Kremer, E. and L. Lotz A. P. 1998. Emergence depth of triazine susceptible and resistant Solanum nigrum seeds. Annals of Applied Biology. 132: 277-288.
Fitness of triazine susceptible and resistant Solanum nigrum L. in maize.
Kremer, E. 1998. Fitness of triazine susceptible and resistant Solanum nigrum L. in maize. Fitness of triazine susceptible and resistant Solanum nigrum L. in maize. : 130 pp..
Germination and emergence characteristics of triazine-susceptible and triazine-resistant biotypes of Solanum nigrum.
Kremer, E. and L. Lotz A. P. 1998. Germination and emergence characteristics of triazine-susceptible and triazine-resistant biotypes of Solanum nigrum. Journal of Applied Ecology. 35: 302-310.
Utilisation of negative cross-resistance in control of weeds resistant to herbicides.
Kutrys, S., D. Ciarka, and S. Gawronski W. 1998. Utilisation of negative cross-resistance in control of weeds resistant to herbicides. Ecological aspects of nutrition and alternatives for herbicides in horticulture. International seminar, Warszawa, Poland, 10-15 June 1997. : 39-40.
Control of problematic weeds in maize with the new herbicide isoxaflutole.
Menendez, J., J. Gomez Arnau, P. Loubiere, and R. Prado de. 1998. Control of problematic weeds in maize with the new herbicide isoxaflutole. Mededelingen Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen, Universiteit Gent. 63: 761-767.
Weed species and frequency of simazine-resistant populations of Poa annua and Senecio vulgaris in nursery stocks imported to Norway or inland-raised.
Netland, J., H. Brown (ed.), G. W. Cussans (ed.), M. D. Devine (ed.), S. O. Duke (ed.), C. Fernandez Quintanilla (ed.), A. Helweg (ed.), R. E. Labrada (ed.), M. Landes (ed.), P. Kudsk (ed.), and J. C. Streibig. 1996. Weed species and frequency of simazine-resistant populations of Poa annua and Senecio vulgaris in nursery stocks imported to Norway or inland-raised. Proceedings of the second international weed control congress, Copenhagen, Denmark, 25-28 June 1996. 1-4: 461-468.
Differences in some life history traits between triazine-resistant and susceptible Solanum nigrum.
Kremer, E., L. A. P. Lotz, H. Brown (ed.), G. W. Cussans (ed.), M. D. Devine (ed.), S. O. Duke (ed.), C. Fernandez Quintanilla (ed.), A. Helweg (ed.), R. E. Labrada (ed.), M. Landes (ed.), P. Kudsk (ed.), and J. C. Streibig. 1996. Differences in some life history traits between triazine-resistant and susceptible Solanum nigrum. Proceedings of the second international weed control congress, Copenhagen, Denmark, 25-28 June 1996. 1-4: 481-486.
Biology and control of black nightshade resistant to triazine herbicides.
Ciarka, D. and W. Gawronski. 1996. Biology and control of black nightshade resistant to triazine herbicides. Ochrona Roslin. 40: 3-5.
Biology and control of black nightshade resistant to triazine herbicides.: Biologia i zwalczanie psianki czarnej odpornej na herbicydy triazynowe.
Ciarka, D. and W. Gawronski. 1996. Biology and control of black nightshade resistant to triazine herbicides.: Biologia i zwalczanie psianki czarnej odpornej na herbicydy triazynowe. Ochrona Roslin. 40: 3-5.
Molecular survey of Polish resistant biotypes of weeds.
Gadamski, G., D. Ciarka, S. W. Gawronski, H. Brown (ed.), G. W. Cussans (ed.), M. D. Devine (ed.), S. O. Duke (ed.), C. Fernandez Quintanilla (ed.), A. Helweg (ed.), R. E. Labrada (ed.), M. Landes (ed.), P. Kudsk (ed.), and J. C. Streibig. 1996. Molecular survey of Polish resistant biotypes of weeds. Proceedings of the second international weed control congress, Copenhagen, Denmark, 25-28 June 1996. 1-4: 547-550.
Response of weed flora and crop yield to yearly repeated herbicide applications in continuous maize.
Bulcke, R., P. Bruyne de, M. Himme van, D. Callens, P. De Bruyne, and M. Van Himme. 1994. Response of weed flora and crop yield to yearly repeated herbicide applications in continuous maize. 46th International symposium on crop protection: part IV, Gent, Belgium, 3 May 1994. Mededelingen Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen, Universiteit Gent. 59: 1265-1275.
Photosynthetic activity, growth and productivity in a s-triazine-resistant biotype of Solanum nigrum.
Dominguez, C., M. Tena, R. Prado de, and R. De Prado. 1994. Photosynthetic activity, growth and productivity in a s-triazine-resistant biotype of Solanum nigrum. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Paris. 32: 627-632.
Herbicide resistance in Denmark.
Andreasen, C. and J. E. Jensen. 1994. Herbicide resistance in Denmark. SP Rapport. 1994, presented at the 11th Danish plant protection conference on the side effect of pesticides used on weeds. 6: 261-270.
Weed ecology and its control in south-east tropical countries.
Itoh, K. and K. Ito. 1994. Weed ecology and its control in south-east tropical countries. Japanese Journal of Tropical Agriculture. 38: 369-373.
Assessment of herbicide effects using chlorophyll fluorescence.
Nielsen, H. O., N. K. Pedersen, J. E. Jensen, C. Andreasen, and J. C. Streibig. 1993. Assessment of herbicide effects using chlorophyll fluorescence. Tidsskrift for Planteavls Specialserie. : 203-213.
Triazine resistance in biotypes of Solanum nigrum and four Amaranthus species found in Spain.
Prado, R. de, C. Dominguez, M. Tena, and R. De Prado. 1993. Triazine resistance in biotypes of Solanum nigrum and four Amaranthus species found in Spain. Weed Research. 33: 17-24.
Gene dispersal from transgenic plants.
Dale, P. J., H. C. McPartlan, R. Parkinson, and J. A. Scheffler. 1993. Gene dispersal from transgenic plants. Annual report 1992, AFRC Institute of Plant Science Research, Cambridge Laboratory, John Innes Institute, Nitrogen Fixation Laboratory and Sainsbury Laboratory. : 9-11.
Rimsulfuron selectivity in three sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) varieties and its control of Xanthium strumarium L. and Solanum nigrum L.
Alonso, S., J. A. Medina, J. Cavero, R. Gil, and C. Zaragoza. 1993. Rimsulfuron selectivity in three sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) varieties and its control of Xanthium strumarium L. and Solanum nigrum L. Proceedings of the 1993 Congress of the Spanish Weed Science Society, Lugo, Spain, 1-3 December 1993. : 230-234.
Direct demonstration of binding-site competition between photosystem II inhibitors at the QB niche of the D1 protein.
Jansen, M. A. K., A. K. Mattoo, S. Malkin, and M. Edelman. 1993. Direct demonstration of binding-site competition between photosystem II inhibitors at the QB niche of the D1 protein. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 46: 78-83.
Tolerance of triazine-resistant and susceptible biotypes of three weeds to heat stress: a fluorescence study.
Fuks, B., F. Eycken van, R. Lannoye, and F. Van Eycken. 1992. Tolerance of triazine-resistant and susceptible biotypes of three weeds to heat stress: a fluorescence study. Weed Research. 32: 9-17.
Photoacoustic spectroscopy as a tool for monitoring herbicide effects on triazine-resistant and -susceptible biotypes of black nightshade (Solanum nigrum).
Fuks, B., F. Homble, F. Eycken van, H. P. Figeys, R. Lannoye, and F. Van Eycken. 1992. Photoacoustic spectroscopy as a tool for monitoring herbicide effects on triazine-resistant and -susceptible biotypes of black nightshade (Solanum nigrum). Weed Science. 40: 371-377.
Changes in the binding and inhibitory properties of urea/triazine-type herbicides upon phospholipid and galactolipid depletion in the outer monolayer of thylakoid membranes. Different behaviour of atrazine-susceptible and -resistant biotypes of Solanum nigrum L.
Siegenthaler, P. A. and J. P. Mayor. 1992. Changes in the binding and inhibitory properties of urea/triazine-type herbicides upon phospholipid and galactolipid depletion in the outer monolayer of thylakoid membranes. Different behaviour of atrazine-susceptible and -resistant biotypes of Solanum nigrum L. Photosynthesis Research. 31: 57-68.
Differential accessibility of a hydrogenation catalyst to acyl lipids in thylakoid membranes from atrazine-resistant and -susceptible Solanum nigrum biotypes.
Mayor, J. P., Z. Torok, P. A. Siegenthaler, and L. Vigh. 1992. Differential accessibility of a hydrogenation catalyst to acyl lipids in thylakoid membranes from atrazine-resistant and -susceptible Solanum nigrum biotypes. Plant and Cell Physiology. 33: 209-215.
Underlining and modulation of negative cross-resistance to bentazone of triazine-resistant and -susceptible biotypes of Solanum nigrum.
Claux, V., L. Dessouky, F. Eycken van, H. P. Figeys, R. Lannoye, and F. Van Eycken. 1992. Underlining and modulation of negative cross-resistance to bentazone of triazine-resistant and -susceptible biotypes of Solanum nigrum. IXe Colloque international sur la biologie des mauvaises herbes, 16-18 September 1992, Dijon, France. : 477-486.
Paraquat resistance in Solanum nigrum, Crassocephalum crepidioides, Amaranthus lividus and Conyza sumatrensis in Malaysia.
Itoh, K., M. Azmi, and A. Ahmad. 1992. Paraquat resistance in Solanum nigrum, Crassocephalum crepidioides, Amaranthus lividus and Conyza sumatrensis in Malaysia. Proceedings of the 1st International Weed Control Congress. 2: 224-228.
The problem of triazine resistance in annual weeds in maize and horticultural crops.
Kees, H. and A. Lutz. 1991. The problem of triazine resistance in annual weeds in maize and horticultural crops. Gesunde Pflanzen. 43: 216-220.
Comparative growth and population dynamics of triazine-resistant and -susceptible biotypes of Solanum nigrum L. in relation to maize cultivation.
Zanin, G. and M. Lucchin. 1990. Comparative growth and population dynamics of triazine-resistant and -susceptible biotypes of Solanum nigrum L. in relation to maize cultivation. Journal of Genetics and Breeding. 44: 207-216.
A genetic analysis of the progenies of atrazine-resistant transgenic soybean plant.
Yue, S. X., B. L. Liu, D. Z. Mao, X. B. Li, N. B. Hu, J. H. Fu, L. C. Li, and L. H. Zhu. 1990. A genetic analysis of the progenies of atrazine-resistant transgenic soybean plant. Acta Botanica Sinica. 32: 343-349.
Evaluation of atrazine resistance in protoplast regenerants of Solanum nigrum L.
Donato, M. de, C. Mozzetti, E. Perucco, and M. De Donato. 1990. Evaluation of atrazine resistance in protoplast regenerants of Solanum nigrum L. Acta Horticulturae. 1990, No. 280, 263-269; Proceedings of the first ISHS symposium on in vitro culture and horticultural breeding, Cesena, Italy, 30 May-3 June 1989. : .
Selective action of atrazine in callus cultures of Solanum nigrum and Nicotiana tabacum.
Donato, M. de, C. Mozzetti, E. Perucco, and M. De Donato. 1990. Selective action of atrazine in callus cultures of Solanum nigrum and Nicotiana tabacum. Acta Horticulturae. 1990, No. 280, 439-449; in Proceedings of the first ISHS symposium on in vitro culture and horticultural breeding, Cesena, Italy, 30 May-3 June 1989. : .
Herbicide resistance in France.
Gasquez, J., H. Darmency, R. Cavalloro (ed.), and G. Noye (ed.). 1989. Herbicide resistance in France. Importance and perspectives on herbicide-resistant weeds. Proceedings of a meeting of the EC Experts' Group, Tollose, Denmark, 15-17 November 1988. 11561: 81-94.
Fluorescence study of the molecular basis of photosystem II-herbicide resistance.
Figeys, H. P., R. Lannoye, P. Panneels, S. Pattijn, B. Vanden Bril, F. Eycken van, and F. Van Eycken. 1989. Fluorescence study of the molecular basis of photosystem II-herbicide resistance. Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent. 54: 303-306.
Triazine-resistant weeds found in Spain.
De Prado, R., C. Dominguez, M. Tena, R. Prado de, R. Cavalloro (ed.), and G. Noye (ed.). 1989. Triazine-resistant weeds found in Spain. Importance and perspectives on herbicide-resistant weeds. Proceedings of a meeting of the EC Experts' Group, Tollose, Denmark, 15-17 November 1988. 11561: 67-79.
Nucleotide sequence of the chloroplast psbA gene from an atrazine-resistant Solanum nigrum biotype and its analysis.
Zhu, L. H., N. B. Hu, W. X. Zhai, and X. B. Li. 1989. Nucleotide sequence of the chloroplast psbA gene from an atrazine-resistant Solanum nigrum biotype and its analysis. Acta Genetica Sinica. 16: 381-388.
Resistance to herbicides in weeds in Belgium.
Bulcke, R., M. Himme van, M. Van Himme, R. Cavalloro (ed.), and G. Noye (ed.). 1989. Resistance to herbicides in weeds in Belgium. Importance and perspectives on herbicide-resistant weeds. Proceedings of a meeting of the EC Experts' Group, Tollose, Denmark, 15-17 November 1988. : 31-39.
Photoacoustic characteristics of leaves of atrazine-resistant weed mutants.
Havaux, M. 1989. Photoacoustic characteristics of leaves of atrazine-resistant weed mutants. Photosynthesis Research. 21: 51-59.
New developments in triazine and paraquat resistance and co-resistance in weed species in England.
Clay, D. V. 1989. New developments in triazine and paraquat resistance and co-resistance in weed species in England. Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference, Weeds. 1: 317-324.
Transfer of atrazine-resistant gene from nightshade to soybean chloroplast genome and its expression in transgenic plants.
Liu, B. L., S. X. Yue, N. B. Hu, X. B. Li, W. X. Zhai, N. Li, R. H. Zhu, L. H. Zhu, D. Z. Mao, and P. Z. Zhou. 1989. Transfer of atrazine-resistant gene from nightshade to soybean chloroplast genome and its expression in transgenic plants. Kexue Tongbao = Chinese Science Bulletin. 34: 1670-1672.
Chloroplastic resistance of weeds to triazines in the Netherlands until 1988.
Oorschot, J. L. P. van, J. L. P. Van Oorschot, R. Cavalloro (ed.), and G. Noye (ed.). 1989. Chloroplastic resistance of weeds to triazines in the Netherlands until 1988. Importance and perspectives on herbicide-resistant weeds. Proceedings of a meeting of the EC Experts' Group, Tollose, Denmark, 15-17 November 1988. 11561: 41-45.
Inhibition of photosynthesis in intact plants of biotypes resistant or susceptible to atrazine and cross-resistant to other herbicides.
Oorschot, J. L. P. van, P. H. Leeuwen van, J. L. P. Van Oorschot, and P. H. Van Leeuwen. 1988. Inhibition of photosynthesis in intact plants of biotypes resistant or susceptible to atrazine and cross-resistant to other herbicides. Weed Research. 28: 223-230.
On the occurrence and distribution of chlorplastic resistance of weeds to triazines in the Netherlands.
Oorschot, J. L. P. van and H. J. M. Straathof. 1988. On the occurrence and distribution of chlorplastic resistance of weeds to triazines in the Netherlands. VIIIe Colloque International sur la Biologie, l'Ecologie et la Systematique des Mauvaises Herbes. 1: 267-275.
Organelle composition in somatic hybrids between an atrazine resistant biotype of Solanum nigrum and Solanum melongena.
Guri, A. and K. C. Sink. 1988. Organelle composition in somatic hybrids between an atrazine resistant biotype of Solanum nigrum and Solanum melongena. Plant Science, Irish Republic. 58: 51-58.
Interspecific protoplast fusion for the transfer of atrazine resistance from Solanum nigrum to tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.).
Jain, S. M., E. A. Shahin, and S. Sun. 1988. Interspecific protoplast fusion for the transfer of atrazine resistance from Solanum nigrum to tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.). Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 12: 189-192.
Control of triazine-resistant dicotyledonous weeds in nurseries.
Himme, M. van, R. Bulcke, and M. Van Himme. 1988. Control of triazine-resistant dicotyledonous weeds in nurseries. Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent. 53: 1261-1277.
The development of triazine-resistant annual weeds in Bavaria and experience with their control.
Kees, H. 1988. The development of triazine-resistant annual weeds in Bavaria and experience with their control. Gesunde Pflanzen. 40: 407-414.
Weed problems in vegetable crops in Belgium.
Bulcke, R., J. Stryckers, M. Himme van, and M. Van Himme. 1988. Weed problems in vegetable crops in Belgium. Weed control in vegetable production. Proceedings of a meeting of the EC Experts' Group, Stuttgart 28-31 Oct. 1986. : 65-70.
Construction of chloroplast genomic library of atrazine-resistant Solanum nigrum.
Zhai, W. X., N. B. Hu, W. Y. Deng, L. H. Zhu, N. Li, S. X. Yue, X. H. Ye, R. H. Zhu, and X. B. Li. 1987. Construction of chloroplast genomic library of atrazine-resistant Solanum nigrum. Acta Genetica Sinica. 14: 83-89.
Fluorescence investigation of DCMU and s-triazine herbicide activity in crop and weed species.
Panneels, P., A. Moer van, P. Reimer, P. Salis, A. Chouhiat, R. Lannoye, H. Figeys, A. Van Moer, and J. Biggins. 1987. Fluorescence investigation of DCMU and s-triazine herbicide activity in crop and weed species. Progress in Photosynthesis Research. 3: 827-830.
Organization of the photosynthetic apparatus from triazine-resistant and -susceptible biotypes of several plant species.
Lemoine, Y., J. P. Dubacq, G. Zabulon, and J. M. Ducruet. 1986. Organization of the photosynthetic apparatus from triazine-resistant and -susceptible biotypes of several plant species. Canadian Journal of Botany. 64: 2999-3007.
Resistance phenomena in cereal production.
Cure, B. 1986. Resistance phenomena in cereal production. Cultivar. 1986, No.92, Supplement, 13-14. : .
Photosystem II reaction center: polypeptide subunits and functional cofactors.
Arntzen, C. J., H. B. Pakrasi, L. A. Staehelin (ed.), and C. J. Arntzen. 1986. Photosystem II reaction center: polypeptide subunits and functional cofactors. Photosynthesis III. Photosynthetic membranes and light harvesting systems. : 457-467.
Identification of atrazine-resistant biotypes of Solanum nigrum and cloning of the atrazine resistance gene.
Zhu, L. H., N. B. Hu, W. X. Zhai, N. Li, R. H. Zhu, X. B. Li, and S. X. Yue. 1986. Identification of atrazine-resistant biotypes of Solanum nigrum and cloning of the atrazine resistance gene. Acta Genetica Sinica. 13: 403-410.
The photosynthetic membrane as the target of herbicidal action.
Boger, P. 1985. The photosynthetic membrane as the target of herbicidal action. Plant Research and Development. 21: 69-84.
Plant cell cultures for herbicide action, screening and obtaining resistant crops.
Gressel, J. 1985. Plant cell cultures for herbicide action, screening and obtaining resistant crops. Abstracts of Papers, 190th ACS National Meeting. 1985, AGRO 13. : .
The molecular anatomy of resistance to photosystem II herbicides.
Gressel, J. 1985. The molecular anatomy of resistance to photosystem II herbicides. Oxford Surveys of Plant Molecular and Cell Biology. 2: 321-328.
Transfer of atrazine resistance from Solanum nigrum to Solanum tuberosum by protoplast fusion.
Perl, A., D. Aviv, and J. Gressel. 1985. Transfer of atrazine resistance from Solanum nigrum to Solanum tuberosum by protoplast fusion. Newsletter, International Association for Plant Tissue Culture. 47: 15.
Biology and herbicide susceptibility of weedy nightshades of the Solanum nigrum complex (Solanum section Solanum).
Quakenbush, L. S. 1984. Biology and herbicide susceptibility of weedy nightshades of the Solanum nigrum complex (Solanum section Solanum). Dissertation Abstracts International, B Sciences and Engineering. 44: 2626.
Somatic hybridization of an atrazine resistant biotype of Solanum nigrum with Solanum tuberosum. 2. Segregation of plastomes.
Gressel, J., N. Cohen, and H. Binding. 1984. Somatic hybridization of an atrazine resistant biotype of Solanum nigrum with Solanum tuberosum. 2. Segregation of plastomes. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 67: 131-134.
The molecular basis of triazine-herbicide resistance in higher-plant chloroplasts [Photosynthesis, Amaranthus hybridus, Solanum nigrum].
Hirschberg, J., A. Bleecker, Kyle D.J., L. McIntosh, and Arntzen C.J. 1984. The molecular basis of triazine-herbicide resistance in higher-plant chloroplasts [Photosynthesis, Amaranthus hybridus, Solanum nigrum]. Z Naturforsch Sec C Biosci. Tubingen, W. Ger. : Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung. May 1984. 39: 412-420.
Distribution and spread of atrazine-resistant broadleaved weeds in Italy.
Zanin, G., I. Molle, and C. Vazzana. 1984. Distribution and spread of atrazine-resistant broadleaved weeds in Italy. Comptes rendus du 7eme colloque international sur l'ecologie, la biologie et la systematique des mauvaises herbes. : 273-280.
The build-up of resistant lines of arable weeds after continued use of herbicides, especialy triazines. Present state of knowledge of causes and practical consequences.
Bachthaler, G., H. Kees, and B. Dinzenhofer. 1983. The build-up of resistant lines of arable weeds after continued use of herbicides, especialy triazines. Present state of knowledge of causes and practical consequences. Nachrichtenblatt des Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienstes. 35: 161-168.
Protoplast fusion of triazine-sensitive potato with triazine-resistant Solanum nigrum segregation of resistance among regenerants.
Gressel, J., N. Cohen, and H. Binding. 1983. Protoplast fusion of triazine-sensitive potato with triazine-resistant Solanum nigrum segregation of resistance among regenerants. Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of Plant Protection. : 845.
Weeds resistant to herbicides.
Voevodin, A. V. 1982. Weeds resistant to herbicides. Sel'skoe Khozyaistvo za Rubezhom. 8: 30-34.
Conferring herbicide tolerance on tobacco by cybridization with atrazine-resistant Solanum nigrum.
Jain, M., D. Aviv, D. G. Davis, E. Galun, and J. Gressel. 1982. Conferring herbicide tolerance on tobacco by cybridization with atrazine-resistant Solanum nigrum. Phytoparasitica. 10: 259.

CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

JEAN MAYOR	Edit
St. Federal de Recherches, Agronomy de Changins Service de Malherbologie Nyon, CH-1260 Switzerland

Acknowledgements

Where to now?

The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, the Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Switzerland have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Jean Mayor for providing detailed information.

1.	Resistant Weeds Globally
2.	Resistant Weeds in the USA
3.	Herbicides
4.	Weed Researchers
5.	Comment on this site
6.	Search this site