Herbicide Resistant Weeds

GROUP D/22 RESISTANT LIVID AMARANTH (Amaranthus lividus)
Malaysia

Tuesday, February 09, 2010

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Livid Amaranth

1.	Introduction
2.	Level of Infestation
3.	Quick Statistics
4.	Notes about this biotype
5.	Academic Aspects
6.	R Livid Amaranth Globally
7.	Fact Sheets and Literature
8.	Contributing Weed Scientists
9.	Acknowledgements
10.	Where to now?

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Introduction

Level of Infestation

Livid Amaranth (Amaranthus lividus) is a dicot weed in the Amaranthaceae family. In Malaysia this weed first evolved resistance to Group D/22 herbicides in 1990 and infests vegetables. Group D/22 herbicides are known as Bipyridiliums (Photosystem-I-electron diversion). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to paraquat and they may be cross-resistant to other Group D/22 herbicides.

Local weed scientists estimate that Group D/22 resistant Livid Amaranth in Malaysia infests 2-5 sites. They also estimate that there are 1-5 acres infested with Group D/22 resistant Livid Amaranth.

The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their mode of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS ( last updated Sep 15, 2000 )
Common Name	Livid Amaranth
Species	Amaranthus lividus
Group	Bipyridiliums (D/22)
Herbicides	paraquat
Location	Malaysia, Pahang
Year	1990
Situation(s)	vegetables
Sites	2-5
Acres Infested	1-5
Contributors	Baki B. Bakar
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

AREAS FOUND

Baki B. Bakar

Pahang, Perak, Kelantom states.

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GENERAL

Baki B. Bakar

Paraquat resistance in Solanum nigrum, Crassocephalum crepidiodes, Amaranthus lividus and Conyza sumatrensis in Malaysia. K. Itoh, M. Azmi, and A. Ahmad. In: IWCC Proceedings of the first International Weed Control Congress, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Field trials comparing a known susceptible Livid Amaranth biotype with this Livid Amaranth biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

The genetic basis of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the genetic inheritance of this biotype please update the database.

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group D/22 resistant Livid Amaranth from Malaysia please update the database.

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HERBICIDE RESISTANT LIVID AMARANTH GLOBALLY
#	Country	Year	Sites	Acres	Mode of Action
1.	France	1981	unknown	unknown	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
2.	Malaysia	1990	2-5	1-5	Bipyridiliums (D/22)
3.	Switzerland	1978	51-100	101-500	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
4.	USA (New Jersey)	1993	1	11-50	ALS inhibitors (B/2)

FACT SHEETS AND OTHER LITERATURE	Format
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Scientific Abstracts on Herbicide Resistant Amaranthus lividus
Smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus) and livid amaranth (A. lividus) response to several imidazolinone and sulfonylurea herbicides.
Manley, B. S., H. P. Wilson, and T. E. Hines. 1996. Smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus) and livid amaranth (A. lividus) response to several imidazolinone and sulfonylurea herbicides. Weed Technology. 10: 835-841.
Weed ecology and its control in south-east tropical countries.
Itoh, K. and K. Ito. 1994. Weed ecology and its control in south-east tropical countries. Japanese Journal of Tropical Agriculture. 38: 369-373.
Paraquat resistance in Solanum nigrum, Crassocephalum crepidioides, Amaranthus lividus and Conyza sumatrensis in Malaysia.
Itoh, K., M. Azmi, and A. Ahmad. 1992. Paraquat resistance in Solanum nigrum, Crassocephalum crepidioides, Amaranthus lividus and Conyza sumatrensis in Malaysia. Proceedings of the 1st International Weed Control Congress. 2: 224-228.
Peculiar feature of resistance to atrazine and linuron in Amaranthus lividus L. and Erigeron canadensis L.
Beuret, E. 1988. Peculiar feature of resistance to atrazine and linuron in Amaranthus lividus L. and Erigeron canadensis L. VIIIe Colloque International sur la Biologie, l'Ecologie et la Systematique des Mauvaises Herbes. 1: 277-286.

CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

BAKI B. BAKAR	Edit
University of Malaya Dept. of Botany Kuala Lumpur, 59100 Malaysia Email Baki B. Bakar

Acknowledgements

Where to now?

The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, the Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Malaysia have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Baki B. Bakar for providing detailed information.

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