Herbicide Resistant Weeds

GROUP B/2 RESISTANT COMMON COCKLEBUR (Xanthium strumarium)
USA: Ohio

Tuesday, September 07, 2010

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Common cocklebur

1.	Introduction
2.	Level of Infestation
3.	Quick Statistics
4.	Notes about this biotype
5.	Academic Aspects
6.	R Common cocklebur Globally
7.	Fact Sheets and Literature
8.	Contributing Weed Scientists
9.	Acknowledgements
10.	Where to now?

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Introduction

Level of Infestation

Common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) is a dicot weed in the Asteraceae family. In Ohio this weed first evolved resistance to Group B/2 herbicides in 1999 and infests soybean. Group B/2 herbicides are known as ALS inhibitors (Inhibition of acetolactate synthase ALS (acetohydroxyacid synthase AHAS)). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to chlorimuron-ethyl, and cloransulam-methyl and they may be cross-resistant to other Group B/2 herbicides.

Local weed scientists estimate that Group B/2 resistant Common cocklebur in Ohio infests 1 site. They also estimate that there are 11-50 acres infested with Group B/2 resistant Common cocklebur.

The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their mode of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS ( last updated Nov 20, 2000 )
Common Name	Common cocklebur
Species	Xanthium strumarium
Group	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
Herbicides	chlorimuron-ethyl, and cloransulam-methyl
Location	USA, Ohio
Year	1999
Situation(s)	soybean
Sites	1
Acres Infested	11-50
Contributors	Mark Loux, and Jeff Stachler
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

GENERAL

Jeff Stachler

We tested 6 populations in 1999 and compared them to two different susceptible populations with 0 and 2X rates of imazamox, chlorimuron and cloransulam. ALS-herbicide history for field is imazaquin applied preemergence in 1994, 1995 and 1997 with chorimuron applied postemergence in 1997 and 1999 and flumetsulam applied preemergence in 1999. Cloransulam has never been applied yet the cocklebur from this location are more resistant to cloransulam than to chlorimuron which exhibits injury and imazamox will control this population postemergence. We have not used imazaquin on this population in the greenhouse. We have tested a total of about 10 populations since 1997 and this is the only one we have found although some industry people say there are other cocklebur populations that are ALS-resistant in Ohio.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible Common cocklebur biotype with this Common cocklebur biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

The genetic basis of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the genetic inheritance of this biotype please update the database.

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group B/2 resistant Common cocklebur from Ohio please update the database.

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HERBICIDE RESISTANT COMMON COCKLEBUR GLOBALLY
#	Country	Year	Sites	Acres	Mode of Action
1.	USA (South Carolina)	1985	11-50	101-500	Organoarsenicals (Z/17)
2.	USA (Alabama)	1988	6-10	501-1000	Organoarsenicals (Z/17)
3.	USA (Mississippi)	1989	2-5	1001-10000	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
4.	USA (Arkansas)	1989	unknown	unknown	Organoarsenicals (Z/17)
5.	USA (Tennessee)	1991	101-500	1001-10000	Organoarsenicals (Z/17)
6.	USA (Louisiana)	1992	1	11-50	Organoarsenicals (Z/17)
7.	USA (Missouri)	1992	501-1000	10001-100000	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
8.	USA (Tennessee)	1992	51-100	1001-10000	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
9.	USA (Minnesota)	1994	2-5	11-50	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
10.	USA (Mississippi)	1994	51-100	1001-10000	Organoarsenicals (Z/17)
11.	USA (North Carolina)	1994	101-500	1001-10000	Organoarsenicals (Z/17)
12.	USA (Arkansas)	1995	unknown	unknown	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
13.	USA (Iowa)	1995	2-5	101-500	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
14.	USA (Oklahoma)	1996	51-100	1001-10000	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
15.	USA (Kansas)	1997	2-5	101-500	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
16.	USA (Maryland)	1998	unknown	unknown	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
17.	USA (Ohio)	1999	1	11-50	ALS inhibitors (B/2)

FACT SHEETS AND OTHER LITERATURE	Format
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Scientific Abstracts on Herbicide Resistant Xanthium strumarium
Inheritance of an ALS-cross-resistant common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) biotype.
Ohmes, G. A., Jr. and J. Kendig A. 1999. Inheritance of an ALS-cross-resistant common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) biotype. Weed Technology. 13: 100-103.
Common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) resistance to selected ALS-inhibiting herbicides.
Sprague, C. L., E. W. Stoller, and L. M. Wax. 1997. Common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) resistance to selected ALS-inhibiting herbicides. Weed Technology. 11: 241-247.
Interference and water use of biotypes differing in sensitivity to MSMA.
Akanda, M. R., R. H. Walker, and G. Wehtje. 1996. Interference and water use of biotypes differing in sensitivity to MSMA. Weed Science. 44: 830-835.
Using the in vivo acetolactate synthase (ALS) assay for identifying herbicide-resistant weeds.
Lovell, S. T., L. M. Wax, D. M. Simpson, and M. McGlamery. 1996. Using the in vivo acetolactate synthase (ALS) assay for identifying herbicide-resistant weeds. Weed Technology. 10: 936-942.
Environmental effects on MSMA phytotoxicity to wild-type and arsenical herbicide-resistant common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium).
Nimbal, C. I., D. R. Shaw, G. D. Wills, and S. O. Duke. 1996. Environmental effects on MSMA phytotoxicity to wild-type and arsenical herbicide-resistant common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium). Weed Technology. 10: 809-814.
Uptake, translocation, and metabolism of 14C-MSMA in organic arsenical-resistant and -susceptible Mississippi biotypes of common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.).
Nimbal, C. I., G. D. Wills, S. O. Duke, and D. R. Shaw. 1995. Uptake, translocation, and metabolism of 14C-MSMA in organic arsenical-resistant and -susceptible Mississippi biotypes of common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.). Weed Science. 43: 549-554.
Photosynthetic performance of MSMA-resistant and -susceptible Mississippi biotypes of common cocklebur.
Nimbal, C. I., J. J. Heitholt, D. R. Shaw, and S. O. Duke. 1995. Photosynthetic performance of MSMA-resistant and -susceptible Mississippi biotypes of common cocklebur. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 53: 129-137.
Response of MSMA-resistant and -susceptible common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) biotypes to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) herbicides and cross-resistance to arsenicals and membrane disruptors.
Nimbal, C. I., D. R. Shaw, S. O. Duke, and J. D. Byrd Jr. 1995. Response of MSMA-resistant and -susceptible common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) biotypes to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) herbicides and cross-resistance to arsenicals and membrane disruptors. Weed Technology. 9: 440-445.
In vitro cultured cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) responses to dimercaptopropanesulfonic acid and monosodium methanearsonate.
Ellis, J. P. and N. D. Camper. 1995. In vitro cultured cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) responses to dimercaptopropanesulfonic acid and monosodium methanearsonate. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 14: 9-13.
An in vivo acetolactate synthase assay.
Simpson, D. M., E. W. Stoller, and L. M. Wax. 1995. An in vivo acetolactate synthase assay. Weed Technology. 9: 17-22.
Responses of Xanthium strumarium populations to sublethal applications of bentazone.
Zhang, J., P. B. Cavers, and M. Jasieniuk. 1994. Responses of Xanthium strumarium populations to sublethal applications of bentazone. Weed Research. 34: 55-61.
Growth and development of organic arsenical-susceptible and -resistant common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) biotypes under noncompetitive conditions.
Haigler, W. E., B. J. Gossett, J. R. Harris, and J. E. Toler. 1994. Growth and development of organic arsenical-susceptible and -resistant common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) biotypes under noncompetitive conditions. Weed Technology. 8: 154-158.
Uptake and translocation of [14C]MSMA in cotton and MSMA-resistant and -susceptible cocklebur.
Keese, R. J. and N. D. Camper. 1994. Uptake and translocation of [14C]MSMA in cotton and MSMA-resistant and -susceptible cocklebur. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 49: 138-145.
The history and present status of herbicide-resistant weed biotypes [Eleusine indica, Amaranthus palmeri and Xanthium strumarium] in South Carolina cotton.
Murdock, E. C., A. C. York, and B. J. Gossett. 1993. The history and present status of herbicide-resistant weed biotypes [Eleusine indica, Amaranthus palmeri and Xanthium strumarium] in South Carolina cotton. Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Conferences, 10-14 January 1993, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. : 1507.
Rimsulfuron selectivity in three sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) varieties and its control of Xanthium strumarium L. and Solanum nigrum L.
Alonso, S., J. A. Medina, J. Cavero, R. Gil, and C. Zaragoza. 1993. Rimsulfuron selectivity in three sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) varieties and its control of Xanthium strumarium L. and Solanum nigrum L. Proceedings of the 1993 Congress of the Spanish Weed Science Society, Lugo, Spain, 1-3 December 1993. : 230-234.
Lack of cross-resistance of imazaquin-resistant Xanthium strumarium acetolactate synthase to flumetsulam and chlorimuron.
Schmitzer, P. R., R. J. Eilers, and C. Cseke. 1993. Lack of cross-resistance of imazaquin-resistant Xanthium strumarium acetolactate synthase to flumetsulam and chlorimuron. Plant Physiology. 103: 281-283.
Rapid diagnosis of ALS/AHAS-resistant weeds.
Gerwick, B. C., L. C. Mireles, and R. J. Eilers. 1993. Rapid diagnosis of ALS/AHAS-resistant weeds. Weed Technology. 7: 519-524.
Absorption, translocation, and metabolism of foliar-applied imazaquin in soybeans (Glycine max), peanuts (Arachis hypogaea), and associated weeds.
Wilcut, J. W., G. R. Wehtje, M. G. Patterson, and T. A. Cole. 1988. Absorption, translocation, and metabolism of foliar-applied imazaquin in soybeans (Glycine max), peanuts (Arachis hypogaea), and associated weeds. Weed Science. 36: 5-8.
Resistance of common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) to the organic arsenical herbicides.
Haigler, W. E., B. J. Gossett, J. R. Harris, and J. E. Toler. 1988. Resistance of common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) to the organic arsenical herbicides. Weed Science. 36: 24-27.
Organic arsenical-resistant common cocklebur biotypes.
Haigler, W. E., B. J. Gossett, and J. R. Harris. 1986. Organic arsenical-resistant common cocklebur biotypes. Proceedings, Southern Weed Science Society, 39th annual meeting. : 105.

CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

MARK LOUX	Edit
The Ohio State University 2021 Coffey Road Columbus, 43210, Ohio USA Email Mark Loux

JEFF STACHLER	Edit
Ohio State University Horticulture and Crop Science 223 Kottman Hall 2021 Coffey Rd Columbus, 43210, Ohio USA Email Jeff Stachler

Acknowledgements

Where to now?

The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The North American Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, the Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Ohio have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Mark Loux, and Jeff Stachler for providing detailed information.

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