Herbicide Resistant Weeds

GROUP C1/5 RESISTANT KOCHIA (Kochia scoparia)
USA: Kansas

Thursday, September 09, 2010

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Kochia

1.	Introduction
2.	Level of Infestation
3.	Quick Statistics
4.	Notes about this biotype
5.	Academic Aspects
6.	R Kochia Globally
7.	Fact Sheets and Literature
8.	Contributing Weed Scientists
9.	Acknowledgements
10.	Where to now?

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Introduction

Level of Infestation

Kochia (Kochia scoparia) is a dicot weed in the Chenopodiaceae family. In Kansas this weed first evolved resistance to Group C1/5 herbicides in 1976 and infests corn, and railways. Group C1/5 herbicides are known as Photosystem II inhibitors (Inhibition of photosynthesis at photosystem II). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to atrazine and they may be cross-resistant to other Group C1/5 herbicides.

Local weed scientists estimate that Group C1/5 resistant Kochia in Kansas infests 501-1000 sites and the number of sites are increasing. They also estimate that there are 1001-10000 acres infested with Group C1/5 resistant Kochia and the area infested is increasing.

The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their mode of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS ( last updated Sep 15, 2000 )
Common Name	Kochia
Species	Kochia scoparia
Group	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
Herbicides	atrazine
Location	USA, Kansas
Year	1976
Situation(s)	corn, and railways
Sites	501-1000
Acres Infested	1001-10000
Contributors	Dallas Peterson
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

AREAS FOUND

Dallas Peterson

Also found around feedlots.

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GENERAL

Dallas Peterson

Multiple resistance with ALS and triazines likely but not confirmed.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Kochia biotype with this Kochia biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

The genetic basis of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the genetic inheritance of this biotype please update the database.

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

Triazine resistant weeds often exhibit a lower relative fitness when compared to susceptible biotypes. The most common mutation conferring triazine resistance (Ser 264 to Gly mutation of the psbA gene) also causes a reduction in CO₂ fixation, quantum yield, and seed and biomass production. There is no record in this database referring specifically to fitness studies on Group C1/5 resistant Kochia from Kansas.

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HERBICIDE RESISTANT KOCHIA GLOBALLY
#	Country	Year	Sites	Acres	Mode of Action
1.	Canada (Manitoba)	1988	11-50	1001-10000	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
2.	Canada (Saskatchewan)	1988	51-100	10001-100000	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
3.	Canada (Alberta)	1989	1	11-50	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
4.	Czech Republic Multiple Resistance	1996	11-50	1-5	ALS inhibitors (B/2) Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
5.	USA (Kansas)	1976	501-1000	1001-10000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
6.	USA (Colorado)	1982	501-1000	1001-10000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
7.	USA (Montana)	1984	6-10	501-1000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
8.	USA (Wyoming)	1984	11-50	1001-10000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
9.	USA (Iowa)	1985	11-50	11-50	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
10.	USA (Wisconsin)	1987	2-5	101-500	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
11.	USA (North Dakota)	1987	501-1000	1-2 million	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
12.	USA (Kansas)	1987	501-1000	10001-100000	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
13.	USA (New Mexico)	1988	unknown	unknown	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
14.	USA (South Dakota)	1988	501-1000	1001-10000	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
15.	USA (Idaho)	1989	501-1000	10001-100000	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
16.	USA (Montana)	1989	1001-10000	100001-1000000	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
17.	USA (Washington)	1989	501-1000	1001-10000	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
18.	USA (Colorado)	1989	501-1000	10001-100000	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
19.	USA (Illinois)	1992	6-10	51-100	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
20.	USA (Oklahoma)	1992	501-1000	10001-100000	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
21.	USA (Oregon)	1993	51-100	1001-10000	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
22.	USA (Minnesota)	1994	11-50	1001-10000	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
23.	USA (Indiana) Multiple Resistance	1995	6-10	101-500	ALS inhibitors (B/2) Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
24.	USA (Montana)	1995	101-500	1001-10000	Synthetic Auxins (O/4)
25.	USA (North Dakota)	1995	6-10	101-500	Synthetic Auxins (O/4)
26.	USA (Illinois) Multiple Resistance	1995	unknown	unknown	ALS inhibitors (B/2) Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
27.	USA (Wisconsin)	1995	1	1-5	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
28.	USA (Wyoming)	1996	2-5	501-1000	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
29.	USA (Idaho)	1997	1	1-5	Synthetic Auxins (O/4)
30.	USA (Utah)	1998	1	1-5	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
31.	USA (North Dakota)	1998	1	11-50	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
32.	USA (Texas)	1998	2-5	101-500	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
33.	USA (Michigan)	2005	2-5	101-500	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
34.	USA (Kansas)	2007	2-5	51-100	Glycines (G/9)
35.	USA (Kansas)	2007	1	11-50	Glycines (G/9)

FACT SHEETS AND OTHER LITERATURE	Format
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Scientific Abstracts on Herbicide Resistant Kochia scoparia
Acetolactate synthase target-site mutations and single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping in ALS-resistant kochia (Kochia scoparia)
Warwick, S. I., R. Xu, C. Sauder, and H. J. Beckie. 2008. Acetolactate synthase target-site mutations and single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping in ALS-resistant kochia (Kochia scoparia) Weed Science. 56: 797-806.
Changes in free amino acids content in Kochia (Kochia scoparia) resistant to ALS-inhibitors.
Chodova, D. and J. Mikulka. 2000. Changes in free amino acids content in Kochia (Kochia scoparia) resistant to ALS-inhibitors. Plant Protection Science. 36: 15-19.
Identification of resistance to imazapyr and cross resistance to selected sulfonylurea herbicides in Kochia scoparia.
Chodova, D. and J. Mikulka. 2000. Identification of resistance to imazapyr and cross resistance to selected sulfonylurea herbicides in Kochia scoparia. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz. 17: 383-388.
Resistance to imazapyr and cross resistance to selected sulfonylurea herbicides in kochia (Kochia scoparia s. l.).
Chodova, D. and J. Mikulka. 2000. Resistance to imazapyr and cross resistance to selected sulfonylurea herbicides in kochia (Kochia scoparia s. l.). Rostlinna Vyroba. 46: 49-54.
A kochia (Kochia scoparia) biotype resistant to triazine and ALS-inhibiting herbicides.
Foes, M.J., L. Liu, G. Vigue, E. Stoller W., L. Wax M., and P. Tranel J. 1999. A kochia (Kochia scoparia) biotype resistant to triazine and ALS-inhibiting herbicides. Weed Science. 47: 21-27.
Differences in growth of Kochia scoparia populations with distinct susceptibility to imazapyr and chlorsulfuron.: Rozdily v rustu populaci bytelu metlateho (Kochia scoparia) s rozdilnou citlivosti vuci imazapyru a chlorsulfuronu.
Chodova, D. and J. Mikulka. 1998. Differences in growth of Kochia scoparia populations with distinct susceptibility to imazapyr and chlorsulfuron.: Rozdily v rustu populaci bytelu metlateho (Kochia scoparia) s rozdilnou citlivosti vuci imazapyru a chlorsulfuronu. Plant Protection Science. 34: 146-150.
Inbreeding coefficients of field populations of Kochia scoparia using chlorsulfuron resistance as a phenotypic marker.
Guttieri, M. J., C. Eberlein V., and E. Souza J. 1998. Inbreeding coefficients of field populations of Kochia scoparia using chlorsulfuron resistance as a phenotypic marker. Weed Science. 46: 521-525.
Growth analysis of sulfonylurea-resistant and -susceptible kochia (Kochia scoparia).
Christoffoleti, P. J., P. Westra, and F. Moore III. 1997. Growth analysis of sulfonylurea-resistant and -susceptible kochia (Kochia scoparia). Weed Science. 45: 691-695.
Weed control and crop injury in ecofallow corn (Zea mays) using imazethapyr.
Wicks, G. A., G. Mahnken W., and G. Hanson E. 1997. Weed control and crop injury in ecofallow corn (Zea mays) using imazethapyr. Weed Technology. 11: 748-754.
Control of sulfonylurea-resistant kochia (Kochia scoparia).
Tonks, D. J. and P. Westra. 1997. Control of sulfonylurea-resistant kochia (Kochia scoparia). Weed Technology. 11: 270-276.
Controlling kochia (Kochia scoparia) in soybean (Glycine max) with postemergence herbicides.
Wicks, G. A., A. R. Martin, and G. E. Hanson. 1997. Controlling kochia (Kochia scoparia) in soybean (Glycine max) with postemergence herbicides. Weed Technology. 11: 567-572.
Influence of weed control on weed population in ridge-till corn (Zea mays).
Wicks, G. A., R. G. Wilson, G. W. Mahnken, and G. E. Hanson. 1996. Influence of weed control on weed population in ridge-till corn (Zea mays). Weed Science. 44: 903-910.
Management of ALS-inhibitor herbicide-resistant Kochia scoparia in North America.
Thill, D. C., C. A. Mallory Smith, H. Brown (ed.), G. W. Cussans (ed.), M. D. Devine (ed.), S. O. Duke (ed.), C. Fernandez Quintanilla (ed.), A. Helweg (ed.), R. E. Labrada (ed.), M. Landes (ed.), P. Kudsk (ed.), and J. C. Streibig. 1996. Management of ALS-inhibitor herbicide-resistant Kochia scoparia in North America. Proceedings of the second international weed control congress, Copenhagen, Denmark, 25-28 June 1996. 1-4: 399-405.
Using the in vivo acetolactate synthase (ALS) assay for identifying herbicide-resistant weeds.
Lovell, S. T., L. M. Wax, D. M. Simpson, and M. McGlamery. 1996. Using the in vivo acetolactate synthase (ALS) assay for identifying herbicide-resistant weeds. Weed Technology. 10: 936-942.
Enhanced mineralization of [14C]atrazine in Kochia scoparia rhizospheric soil from a pesticide-contaminated site.
Perkovich, B. S., T. A. Anderson, E. L. Kruger, and J. R. Coats. 1996. Enhanced mineralization of [14C]atrazine in Kochia scoparia rhizospheric soil from a pesticide-contaminated site. Pesticide Science. 46: 391-396.
Response of chlorsulfuron-resistant biotype of Kochia scoparia to ALS inhibiting herbicides and piperonyl butoxide.
Kwon ChaeSoon, D. Penner, and C. S. Kwon. 1995. Response of chlorsulfuron-resistant biotype of Kochia scoparia to ALS inhibiting herbicides and piperonyl butoxide. Weed Science. 43: 561-565.
Diverse mutations in the acetolactate synthase gene confer chlorsulfuron resistance in kochia (Kochia scoparia) biotypes.
Guttieri, M. J., C. V. Eberlein, and D. C. Thill. 1995. Diverse mutations in the acetolactate synthase gene confer chlorsulfuron resistance in kochia (Kochia scoparia) biotypes. Weed Science. 43: 175-178.
Pollen-mediated gene flow of sulfonylurea-resistant kochia (Kochia scoparia).
Stallings, G. P., D. C. Thill, C. A. Mallory Smith, and B. Shafii. 1995. Pollen-mediated gene flow of sulfonylurea-resistant kochia (Kochia scoparia). Weed Science. 43: 95-102.
Characterization of chlorsulfuron resistant and susceptible kochia (Kochia scoparia).
Thompson, C. R., D. C. Thill, C. A. Mallory Smith, and B. Shafii. 1994. Characterization of chlorsulfuron resistant and susceptible kochia (Kochia scoparia). Weed Technology. 8: 470-476.
Germination characteristics of sulfonylurea-resistant and susceptible kochia (Kochia scoparia).
Thompson, C. R., D. C. Thill, and B. Shafii. 1994. Germination characteristics of sulfonylurea-resistant and susceptible kochia (Kochia scoparia). Weed Science. 42: 50-56.
Control of triazine-resistant kochia (Kochia scoparia) in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor).
Wicks, G. A., A. R. Martin, A. E. Haack, and G. W. Mahnken. 1994. Control of triazine-resistant kochia (Kochia scoparia) in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Weed Technology. 8: 748-753.
Growth and competitiveness of sulfonylurea-resistant and -susceptible kochia (Kochia scoparia).
Thompson, C. R., D. C. Thill, and B. Shafii. 1994. Growth and competitiveness of sulfonylurea-resistant and -susceptible kochia (Kochia scoparia). Weed Science. 42: 172-179.
Herbicide resistant weeds in western North America with a focus on kochia (Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad.).
Westra, P. 1994. Herbicide resistant weeds in western North America with a focus on kochia (Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad.). Proceedings of the forty-ninth annual meeting of the North Central Weed Science Society, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA, 13-15 December 1994. : 44-45.
Competition effects with mixed stands of wheat and kochia (Kochia scoparia) biotypes resistant and susceptible to acetolactase synthase inhibitor herbicides.
Christoffoleti, P. J. and P. Westra. 1994. Competition effects with mixed stands of wheat and kochia (Kochia scoparia) biotypes resistant and susceptible to acetolactase synthase inhibitor herbicides. Scientia Agricola. 51: 245-251.
Herbicide resistance in the Canadian prairie provinces: five years after the fact.
Morrison, I. N. and M. D. Devine. 1994. Herbicide resistance in the Canadian prairie provinces: five years after the fact. Phytoprotection. 75: 5-16.
Survey and gene flow in acetolactate synthase resistant kochia and Russian thistle.
Mallory Smith, C. A., D. C. Thill, and G. P. Stallings. 1993. Survey and gene flow in acetolactate synthase resistant kochia and Russian thistle. Brighton crop protection conference, weeds. Proceedings of an international conference, Brighton, UK, 22-25 November 1993. 2: 555-558.
Rapid germination of sulfonylurea-resistant Kochia scoparia L. accessions is associated with elevated seed levels of branched chain amino acids.
Dyer, W. E., P. W. Chee, and P. K. Fay. 1993. Rapid germination of sulfonylurea-resistant Kochia scoparia L. accessions is associated with elevated seed levels of branched chain amino acids. Weed Science. 41: 18-22.
Response of a chlorsulfuron-resistant biotype of Kochia scoparia to sulfonylurea and alternative herbicides.
Friesen, L. F., I. N. Morrison, A. Rashid, and M. D. Devine. 1993. Response of a chlorsulfuron-resistant biotype of Kochia scoparia to sulfonylurea and alternative herbicides. Weed Science. 41: 100-106.
Control of triazine-resistant kochia (Kochia scoparia) in conservation tillage corn (Zea mays).
Wicks, G. A., A. R. Martin, and G. W. Mahnken. 1993. Control of triazine-resistant kochia (Kochia scoparia) in conservation tillage corn (Zea mays). Weed Science. 41: 225-231.
The biology of sulfonylurea herbicide resistant kochia biotypes.
Thill, D. C., C. A. Mallory Smith, C. R. Thompson, G. P. Stalings, and R. G. Lym. 1993. The biology of sulfonylurea herbicide resistant kochia biotypes. Proceedings of the Western Society of Weed Science, Tucson, Arizona, USA, 9-11 March 1993. 46: 127-128.
Simulation of chlorsulfuron resistance evolution in kochia populations.
Maxwell, B. D., D. C. Thill, P. K. Fay, W. Dyer, P. Westra, and R. G. Lym. 1993. Simulation of chlorsulfuron resistance evolution in kochia populations. Proceedings of the Western Society of Weed Science, Tucson, Arizona, USA, 9-11 March 1993. 46: 128-129.
Kochia (Kochia scoparia L. Schrad.).
Boerboom, C. 1993. Kochia (Kochia scoparia L. Schrad.). Pacific Northwest Cooperative Extension Publication. 1993. 460: 4pp.
Differential herbicide response among sulfonylurea-resistant Kochia scoparia L. accessions.
Sivakumaran, K., D. Mulugeta, P. K. Fay, and W. E. Dyer. 1993. Differential herbicide response among sulfonylurea-resistant Kochia scoparia L. accessions. Weed Science. 41: 159-165.
DNA sequence variation in domain A of the acetolactate synthase genes of herbicide-resistant and -susceptible weed biotypes.
Guttieri, M. J., C. V. Eberlein, C. A. Mallory Smith, D. C. Thill, and D. L. Hoffman. 1992. DNA sequence variation in domain A of the acetolactate synthase genes of herbicide-resistant and -susceptible weed biotypes. Weed Science. 40: 670-676.
International organization for resistant pest management (IORPM) - a step toward rational resistance management recommendations.
Lebaron, H. M., J. Gressel, B. C. Smale, and D. M. Horne. 1992. International organization for resistant pest management (IORPM) - a step toward rational resistance management recommendations. Weed Technology. 6: 765-770.
Growth comparisons of sulfonylurea resistant and susceptible biotypes.
Mallory Smith, C. A., D. C. Thill, M. Alcocer Ruthling, and C. R. Thompson. 1992. Growth comparisons of sulfonylurea resistant and susceptible biotypes. Proceedings of the 1st International Weed Control Congress. 2: 301-303.
Herbicide resistance.
Maurice, D. and D. Billett. 1991. Herbicide resistance. Agri-fax. 1991, No. 640-7, 4 pp. : .
A bioassay to measure the frequency of sulfonylurea resistance in weed populations.
Davis, E. S., P. K. Fay, and R. G. Lym. 1991. A bioassay to measure the frequency of sulfonylurea resistance in weed populations. Proceedings of the Western Society of Weed Science, Seattle, Washington, USA, 12-14 March 1991. 44: 26-27.
Mechanisms of resistance to acetolactate synthase/acetohydroxyacid synthase inhibitors.
Shaner, D. L. and R. G. Lym. 1991. Mechanisms of resistance to acetolactate synthase/acetohydroxyacid synthase inhibitors. Proceedings of the Western Society of Weed Science, Seattle, Washington, USA, 12-14 March 1991. 44: 122-125.
Acetolactate synthase inhibiting herbicides bind to the regulatory site.
Subramanian, M. V., V. Loney Gallant, J. M. Dias, and L. C. Mireles. 1991. Acetolactate synthase inhibiting herbicides bind to the regulatory site. Plant Physiology. 96: 310-313.
Resistance of kochia (Kochia scoparia) to sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicides.
Primiani, M. M., J. C. Cotterman, and L. L. Saari. 1990. Resistance of kochia (Kochia scoparia) to sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicides. Weed Technology. 4: 169-172.
Mechanism of sulfonylurea herbicide resistance in the broadleaf weed, Kochia scoparia.
Saari, L. L., J. C. Cotterman, and M. M. Primiani. 1990. Mechanism of sulfonylurea herbicide resistance in the broadleaf weed, Kochia scoparia. Plant Physiology. 93: 55-61.
Resistance in weeds to sulfonylurea herbicides.
Reed, W. T., J. L. Saladini, J. C. Cotterman, M. M. Primiani, and L. L. Saari. 1989. Resistance in weeds to sulfonylurea herbicides. Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference, Weeds. 1: 295-300.
Triazine resistant kochia in corn.
Wicks, G. A. 1986. Triazine resistant kochia in corn. Proceedings, North Central Weed Control Conference. 41: 79.
Kochia scoparia growth response to triazine herbicides.
Salhoff, C. R. and A. R. Martin. 1986. Kochia scoparia growth response to triazine herbicides. Weed Science. 34: 40-42.
A field survey of triazine-resistant kochia in Nebraska.
Haack, A. E., B. A. Swisher, G. A. Wicks, and A. R. Martin. 1986. A field survey of triazine-resistant kochia in Nebraska. Proceedings, North Central Weed Control Conference. 41: 77.

CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

DALLAS PETERSON	Edit
Kansas State University Agronomy Department Throckmorton Hall Manhattan, 66506, Kansas USA Email Dallas Peterson

Acknowledgements

Where to now?

The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The North American Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, the Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Kansas have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Dallas Peterson for providing detailed information.

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