Herbicide Resistant Weeds

GROUP C2/7 RESISTANT BARNYARDGRASS (Echinochloa crus-galli)
USA: Louisiana

Thursday, September 09, 2010

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Barnyardgrass

1.	Introduction
2.	Level of Infestation
3.	Quick Statistics
4.	Notes about this biotype
5.	Academic Aspects
6.	R Barnyardgrass Globally
7.	Fact Sheets and Literature
8.	Contributing Weed Scientists
9.	Acknowledgements
10.	Where to now?

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Introduction

Level of Infestation

Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) is a monocot weed in the Poaceae family. In Louisiana this weed first evolved resistance to Group C2/7 herbicides in 1995 and infests rice. Group C2/7 herbicides are known as Ureas and amides (Inhibition of photosynthesis at photosystem II). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to propanil and they may be cross-resistant to other Group C2/7 herbicides.

Local weed scientists estimate that Group C2/7 resistant Barnyardgrass in Louisiana infests 2-5 sites and the number of sites have stabilized. They also estimate that there are 1001-10000 acres infested with Group C2/7 resistant Barnyardgrass and the area infested has stabilized.

The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their mode of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS ( last updated Sep 15, 2000 )
Common Name	Barnyardgrass
Species	Echinochloa crus-galli
Group	Ureas and amides (C2/7)
Herbicides	propanil
Location	USA, Louisiana
Year	1995
Situation(s)	rice
Sites	2-5
Acres Infested	1001-10000
Contributors	Dearl Sanders
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

CONTROL STRATEGIES

Dearl Sanders

Switched from propanil to quinclorac. Not much of a problem.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible Barnyardgrass biotype with this Barnyardgrass biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

The genetic basis of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the genetic inheritance of this biotype please update the database.

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group C2/7 resistant Barnyardgrass from Louisiana please update the database.

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HERBICIDE RESISTANT BARNYARDGRASS GLOBALLY
#	Country	Year	Sites	Acres	Mode of Action
1.	Brazil	1999	1	1-5	Synthetic Auxins (O/4)
2.	Brazil Multiple Resistance	2009	unknown	unknown	ALS inhibitors (B/2) Synthetic Auxins (O/4)
3.	Bulgaria	1992	1	unknown	Dinitroanilines and others (K1/3)
4.	Canada (Ontario)	1981	101-500	1001-10000	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
5.	China	1993	1001-10000	1-2 million	Chloroacetamides and others (K3/15)
6.	China	1993	501-1000	1001-10000	Thiocarbamates and others (N/8)
7.	China	2010	unknown	unknown	ACCase inhibitors (A/1)
8.	Czech Republic	1994	2-5	1-5	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
9.	France	1982	unknown	unknown	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
10.	Greece	1986	6-10	101-500	Ureas and amides (C2/7)
11.	Greece	2000	2-5	51-100	Ureas and amides (C2/7)
12.	Italy	2000	2-5	101-500	Ureas and amides (C2/7)
13.	Italy	2007	2-5	101-500	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
14.	Philippines Multiple Resistance	2005	11-50	101-500	Ureas and amides (C2/7) Chloroacetamides and others (K3/15)
15.	Poland	1995	unknown	unknown	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
16.	Spain	1992	unknown	unknown	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
17.	Sri Lanka	1997	2-5	1-5	Ureas and amides (C2/7)
18.	Thailand Multiple Resistance	1998	51-100	101-500	Ureas and amides (C2/7) Chloroacetamides and others (K3/15)
19.	Thailand	2001	2-5	1001-10000	ACCase inhibitors (A/1)
20.	USA (Maryland)	1978	2-5	101-500	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
21.	USA (Arkansas)	1990	unknown	unknown	Ureas and amides (C2/7)
22.	USA (Texas)	1991	6-10	1001-10000	Ureas and amides (C2/7)
23.	USA (Missouri)	1994	6-10	1001-10000	Ureas and amides (C2/7)
24.	USA (Louisiana)	1995	2-5	1001-10000	Ureas and amides (C2/7)
25.	USA (Louisiana)	1998	2-5	501-1000	Synthetic Auxins (O/4)
26.	USA (Arkansas) Multiple Resistance	1999	1	1-5	Ureas and amides (C2/7) Synthetic Auxins (O/4)
27.	USA (California) Multiple Resistance	2000	11-50	101-500	ACCase inhibitors (A/1) Thiocarbamates and others (N/8)
28.	Yugoslavia	2002	unknown	unknown	ALS inhibitors (B/2)

FACT SHEETS AND OTHER LITERATURE	Format
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Preliminary study on propanil-resistant Echinochloa crus-galli in North-West Italy rice fields. Busi R., Vidotto F. , Tabacchi M., Ferrero A (2003) This preliminary study pointed out that different accessions of Echinochloa crus-galli were not completely controlled with propanil applied at the field rate. For one of the accessions, the calculated R/S ratio was 4.14,indicating a high probability of presence of resistance..	PDF

Scientific Abstracts on Herbicide Resistant Echinochloa crus-galli
HERBICIDE RESISTANCE IN ITALIAN RICE CROPS:A LATE-DEVELOPING BUT FAST-EVOLVING STORY
Tabacchi M, Scarabel L, Sattin M 2004. HERBICIDE RESISTANCE IN ITALIAN RICE CROPS:A LATE-DEVELOPING BUT FAST-EVOLVING STORY Med Rice Conference, Torino - Italy. 13th to 15th February 2004. : .
Nuove acquisizioni sulle infestanti resistenti in risaia (Cyperus difformis and Echinochloa crus-galli).
M. Sattin, L. Scarabel, C. Aloi, G. Arcangeli, S. Cavanna, A. Marchi, M. Saporiti, G. Trainini, M. Tabacchi, and G. Zanin 2002. Nuove acquisizioni sulle infestanti resistenti in risaia (Cyperus difformis and Echinochloa crus-galli). L'Informatore Agrario. 15: 121-123.
Herbicide-resistant Echinochloa oryzoides and E. phyllopogon in California Oryza sativa fields.
Fischer, A. J., C. Ateh M., D. Bayer E., and J. Hill E. 2000. Herbicide-resistant Echinochloa oryzoides and E. phyllopogon in California Oryza sativa fields. Weed Science. 48: 225-230.
Negative cross-resistance in triazine-resistant biotypes of Echinochloa crus-galli and Conyza canadensis.
Gadamski, G., D. Ciarka, J. Gressel, and S. Gawronski W. 2000. Negative cross-resistance in triazine-resistant biotypes of Echinochloa crus-galli and Conyza canadensis. Weed Science. 48: 176-180.
Control of propanil-resistant barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) in rice (Oryza sativa) with carbaryl/propanil mixtures.
Daou, H. and R. Talbert E. 1999. Control of propanil-resistant barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) in rice (Oryza sativa) with carbaryl/propanil mixtures. Weed Technology. 13: 65-70.
Chemical interactions with the herbicide propanil on propanil- resistant barnyardgrass.
Hoagland, R. E., J. Norsworthy K., and R. Talbert E. 1999. Chemical interactions with the herbicide propanil on propanil- resistant barnyardgrass. Pesticide Science. 55: 571-573.
Agrichemical interactions with propanil on propanil-resistant barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli).
Norsworthy, J. K., J. Rutledge S., R. Talbert E., and R. Hoagland E. 1999. Agrichemical interactions with propanil on propanil-resistant barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli). Weed Technology. 13: 296-302.
Chlorophyll fluorescence for rapid detection of propanil-resistant barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli).
Norsworthy, J. K., R. Talbert E., and R. Hoagland E. 1998. Chlorophyll fluorescence for rapid detection of propanil-resistant barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli). Weed Science. 46: 163-169.
Comparison of three propanil-resistant biotypes of Echinochloa spp.
Lopez Martinez, N. and R. Prado de. 1998. Comparison of three propanil-resistant biotypes of Echinochloa spp. Mededelingen Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen, Universiteit Gent. 63: 691-696.
Botanical identification of Spanish Echinochloa biotypes with differential responses to quinclorac.
Schmidt, O., O. Aurich, N. Lopez, R. DePrado, and H. Walter. 1998. Botanical identification of Spanish Echinochloa biotypes with differential responses to quinclorac. Comptes-rendus 6eme symposium mediterraneen EWRS, Montpellier, France, 13-15 mai 1998. : 232-233.
Quinclorac belongs to a new class of highly selective auxin herbicides.
Grossmann, K. 1998. Quinclorac belongs to a new class of highly selective auxin herbicides. Weed Science. 46: 707-716.
Physiological basis for nicosulfuron and primisulfuron selectivity in five plant species.
Carey, J. B., D. Penner, and J. J. Kells. 1997. Physiological basis for nicosulfuron and primisulfuron selectivity in five plant species. Weed Science. 45: 22-30.
Isoenzymatic variability in Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.: Variabilidad isoenzimatica en Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.
Monte, J. P. del and M. Martinez. 1997. Isoenzymatic variability in Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.: Variabilidad isoenzimatica en Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. Proceedings of the 1997 congress of the Spanish Weed Science Society, Valencia, Spain, 24-26 November 1997. : 241-246.
Characterization and control of propanil-resistant barnyardgrass.
Talbert, R. E., J. Norsworthy K., L. Schmidt A., C. Baines B., H. Daou, and F. Baldwin L. 1997. Characterization and control of propanil-resistant barnyardgrass. Research Series Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station. 456: 44-52.
Resistance mechanism of propanil-resistant barnyardgrass: II. In-vivo metabolism of the propanil molecule.
Carey, V. F. III, R. E. Hoagland, and R. E. Talbert. 1997. Resistance mechanism of propanil-resistant barnyardgrass: II. In-vivo metabolism of the propanil molecule. Pesticide Science. 49: 333-338.
Distribution and management of triazine-resistant weeds in the mid- Atlantic region of the U.S.A.
Ritter, R. L. and H. Menbere. 1997. Distribution and management of triazine-resistant weeds in the mid- Atlantic region of the U.S.A. 1997 Brighton crop protection conference: weeds. Proceedings of an international conference, Brighton, UK, 17-20 November 1997. 3: 1147-1152.
Resistance of barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) to atrazine and quinclorac.
Lopez Martinez, N., G. Marshall, and R. Prado de. 1997. Resistance of barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) to atrazine and quinclorac. Pesticide Science. 51: 171-175.
Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) resistance to both butachlor and thiobencarb in China.
Huang BingQui, J. Gressel, and B. Q. Huang. 1997. Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) resistance to both butachlor and thiobencarb in China. Resistant Pest Management. 9: 5-7.
Fate of quinclorac in resistant Echinochloa crus-galli.
Lopez Martinez, N., R. Prado de, R. De Prado, H. Brown (ed.), G. W. Cussans (ed.), M. D. Devine (ed.), S. O. Duke (ed.), C. Fernandez Quintanilla (ed.), A. Helweg (ed.), R. E. Labrada (ed.), M. Landes (ed.), P. Kudsk (ed.), and J. C. Streibig. 1996. Fate of quinclorac in resistant Echinochloa crus-galli. Proceedings of the second international weed control congress, Copenhagen, Denmark, 25-28 June 1996. 1-4: 535-540.
Herbicide resistant weed problems in developing world and methods to overcome them.
Malik, R. K., H. Brown (ed.), G. W. Cussans (ed.), M. D. Devine (ed.), S. O. Duke (ed.), C. Fernandez Quintanilla (ed.), A. Helweg (ed.), R. E. Labrada (ed.), M. Landes (ed.), P. Kudsk (ed.), and J. C. Streibig. 1996. Herbicide resistant weed problems in developing world and methods to overcome them. Proceedings of the second international weed control congress, Copenhagen, Denmark, 25-28 June 1996. 1-4: 665-673.
A historical review of propanil-resistant barnyardgrass in Arkansas and field advice for its management in dry-seeded rice.
Baldwin, F. L., R. E. Talbert, V. F. Carey III, M. J. Kitt, R. S. Helms, H. L. Black, and R. J. Smith Jr. 1996. A historical review of propanil-resistant barnyardgrass in Arkansas and field advice for its management in dry-seeded rice. Research Series Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station. 1996. 453: 1-8.
Difference in early growth of Echinochloa species and the differential susceptibility to herbicides.
Chun, J. C., S. E. Kim, and N. I. Park. 1996. Difference in early growth of Echinochloa species and the differential susceptibility to herbicides. Korean Journal of Weed Science. 16: 194-199.
Confirmation, distribution and control of propanil-resistant barnyardgrass.
Talbert, R. E., C. Baines, J. K. Curless, J. K. Norsworthy, H. Daou, R. S. Helms, and H. L. Black. 1996. Confirmation, distribution and control of propanil-resistant barnyardgrass. Research Series Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station. 453: 77-87.
Molecular survey of Polish resistant biotypes of weeds.
Gadamski, G., D. Ciarka, S. W. Gawronski, H. Brown (ed.), G. W. Cussans (ed.), M. D. Devine (ed.), S. O. Duke (ed.), C. Fernandez Quintanilla (ed.), A. Helweg (ed.), R. E. Labrada (ed.), M. Landes (ed.), P. Kudsk (ed.), and J. C. Streibig. 1996. Molecular survey of Polish resistant biotypes of weeds. Proceedings of the second international weed control congress, Copenhagen, Denmark, 25-28 June 1996. 1-4: 547-550.
Mikado R - a new option for weed control in maize.
Kappes, E. M., K. W. Massmann, P. Hefner, and M. Konradt. 1996. Mikado R - a new option for weed control in maize. Gesunde Pflanzen. 48: 119-125.
Verification and distribution of propanil-resistant barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) in Arkansas.
Carey, V. F. III, R. E. Hoagland, and R. E. Talbert. 1995. Verification and distribution of propanil-resistant barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) in Arkansas. Weed Technology. 9: 366-372.
The present situation of resistance of barnyardgrass to butachlor in the rice planting areas of China.
Huang BingQiu, Lin ShaoXiang, Xiao ZhengYu, B. Q. Huang, S. X. Lin, and Z. Y. Xiao. 1995. The present situation of resistance of barnyardgrass to butachlor in the rice planting areas of China. Acta Phytophylacica Sinica. 22: 281-286.
Resistance mechanism of propanil-resistant barnyardgrass. I. Absorption, translocation, and site of action studies.
Carey, V. F. III, S. O. Duke, R. E. Hoagland, and R. E. Talbert. 1995. Resistance mechanism of propanil-resistant barnyardgrass. I. Absorption, translocation, and site of action studies. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 52: 182-189.
Absorption, translocation, and metabolism of oxyfluorfen in rice (Oryza sativa) and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli).
Guh, J. O., Lee EunKyong, Kuk YongIn, Park RoDong, E. K. Lee, Y. I. Kuk, and R. D. Park. 1995. Absorption, translocation, and metabolism of oxyfluorfen in rice (Oryza sativa) and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli). Weed Research Tokyo. 40: 245-251.
The present situation of resistance of barnyardgrass to benthiocarb in the paddy fields in China (in Chinese, English abstract).
Huang, B.-Q., Z. Xiao and S. -X. Lin. 1995. The present situation of resistance of barnyardgrass to benthiocarb in the paddy fields in China (in Chinese, English abstract). J. South China Agric. Univ.. 16: 22-24.
A review of propanil resistant Echinochloa crusgalli in Arkansas and field advice for its management in dry seeded rice.
Baldwin, F. L., R. E. Talbert, V. F. Carey III, M. J. Kitt, R. S. Helms, H. L. Black, and R. J. Smith Jr. 1995. A review of propanil resistant Echinochloa crusgalli in Arkansas and field advice for its management in dry seeded rice. Brighton crop protection conference: weeds. Proceedings of an international conference, Brighton, UK, 20-23 November 1995. 2: 577-585.
1995-96 Season: update - May 1996. Herbicide resistance management in rice.
Taylor, M. 1995. 1995-96 Season: update - May 1996. Herbicide resistance management in rice. Farmers' Newsletter, Large Area. 147: 19-20.
Non-enzymatic conjugation of fenoxaprop-ethyl with glutathione and cysteine in several grass species.
Tal, J. A., J. C. Hall, and G. R. Stephenson. 1995. Non-enzymatic conjugation of fenoxaprop-ethyl with glutathione and cysteine in several grass species. Weed Research. 35: 133-139.
A molecular assessment of genetic diversity in Echinochloa spp.
Lopez Martinez, N., R. Prado de, R. P. Finch, G. Marshall, and R. De Prado. 1995. A molecular assessment of genetic diversity in Echinochloa spp. Brighton crop protection conference: weeds. Proceedings of an international conference, Brighton, UK, 20-23 November 1995. 2: 445-450.
The present state of resistance of barnyardgrass to benthiocarb in paddy fields in China.
Huang BingQiu, Xiao ZhengYu, Lin ShaoXiang, B. Q. Huang, Z. Y. Xiao, and S. X. Lin. 1995. The present state of resistance of barnyardgrass to benthiocarb in paddy fields in China. Journal of South China Agricultural University. 16: 17-21.
Influence of rye (Secale cereale) plant residues on germination and growth of three triazine-resistant and susceptible weeds.
Przepiorkowski, T. and S. F. Gorski. 1994. Influence of rye (Secale cereale) plant residues on germination and growth of three triazine-resistant and susceptible weeds. Weed Technology. 8: 744-747.
Studies on the resistance mechanism of barnyardgrass to butachlor and benthiocarb (in Chinese, English abstract).
Huang, B.-Q., S. -X. Lin, Z. Xiao and Y.-p. Luo. 1994. Studies on the resistance mechanism of barnyardgrass to butachlor and benthiocarb (in Chinese, English abstract). J. Weed Science. 8: 1-5.
Propanil-resistant barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) control in rice (Oryza sativa).
Baltazar, A. M. and R. J. Smith Jr. 1994. Propanil-resistant barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) control in rice (Oryza sativa). Weed Technology. 8: 576-581.
Weed ecology and its control in south-east tropical countries.
Itoh, K. and K. Ito. 1994. Weed ecology and its control in south-east tropical countries. Japanese Journal of Tropical Agriculture. 38: 369-373.
Rice weed control: current technology and emerging issues in the United States.
Hill, J. E., R. J. Smith Jr., D. E. Bayer, E. Humphreys (ed.), E. A. Murray (ed.), W. S. Clampett (ed.), and L. G. Lewin. 1994. Rice weed control: current technology and emerging issues in the United States. Temperate rice - achievements and potential. Proceedings of a conference held at Leeton, New South Wales, Australia, on 21-24 February 1994. : 377-391.
Study on the resistance of barnyardgrass in paddy fields to butachlor in China.
Huang BingQiu, Lin ShaoXiang, B. Q. Huang, and S. X. Lin. 1993. Study on the resistance of barnyardgrass in paddy fields to butachlor in China. Journal of South China Agricultural University. 14: 103-108.
Discussion of the results obtained by the Centre for Weed Research in the cropping year 1991-1992.
Callens, D., M. Himme van, R. Bulcke, and M. Van Himme. 1992. Discussion of the results obtained by the Centre for Weed Research in the cropping year 1991-1992. Mededeling van het Centrum voor Onkruidonderzoek, Gent. 58: 154.
Chemical maize weeding research with triazine limitation.
Rola, H. and J. Rola. 1990. Chemical maize weeding research with triazine limitation. Materily Sesji Instytutu Ochrony Roslin. 30: 129-138.
Control of triazine-resistant weeds in maize in southwest Poland.
Rola, J. and H. Rola. 1990. Control of triazine-resistant weeds in maize in southwest Poland. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz. 1990. 12: 509-514.
Propanil tolerance in Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.
Giannopolitis, C. N. and G. Vassiliou. 1989. Propanil tolerance in Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. Tropical Pest Management. 35: 6-7.
The Echinochloa crus-galli complex in rice - morphological variants and tolerance to propanil in Greece.
Giannopolitis, C. N., G. Vassiliou, R. Cavalloro (ed.), and G. Noye (ed.). 1989. The Echinochloa crus-galli complex in rice - morphological variants and tolerance to propanil in Greece. Importance and perspectives on herbicide-resistant weeds. Proceedings of a meeting of the EC Experts' Group, Tollose, Denmark, 15-17 November 1988. 11561: 23-28.
Studies on the weed occurrence in herbicide strips in orchards in eastern Poland.
Lipecki, J. and J. Szwedo. 1988. Studies on the weed occurrence in herbicide strips in orchards in eastern Poland. VIIIe Colloque International sur la Biologie, l'Ecologie et la Systematique des Mauvaises Herbes. 1: 305-312.
Effect of herbicides on a resistant Amaranthus retroflexus biotype and on Echinochloa crus-galli.
Zemanek, J. 1987. Effect of herbicides on a resistant Amaranthus retroflexus biotype and on Echinochloa crus-galli. Agrochemia. 27: 367-371.
Weeds resistant to herbicides.
Voevodin, A. V. 1982. Weeds resistant to herbicides. Sel'skoe Khozyaistvo za Rubezhom. 8: 30-34.

CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

DEARL SANDERS	Edit
Louisiana State University Cooperative Extension 261 Knapp Hall Baton Rouge, 70803, Louisiana USA Email Dearl Sanders

Acknowledgements

Where to now?

The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The North American Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, the Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Louisiana have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Dearl Sanders for providing detailed information.

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