Herbicide Resistant Weeds

GROUP C1/5 RESISTANT HAIRY FLEABANE (Conyza bonariensis)
Israel

Tuesday, September 07, 2010

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Hairy Fleabane

1.	Introduction
2.	Level of Infestation
3.	Quick Statistics
4.	Notes about this biotype
5.	Academic Aspects
6.	R Hairy Fleabane Globally
7.	Fact Sheets and Literature
8.	Contributing Weed Scientists
9.	Acknowledgements
10.	Where to now?

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Introduction

Level of Infestation

Hairy Fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) is a dicot weed in the Asteraceae family. In Israel this weed first evolved resistance to Group C1/5 herbicides in 1993 and infests forests, and industrial sites. Group C1/5 herbicides are known as Photosystem II inhibitors (Inhibition of photosynthesis at photosystem II). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to atrazine, and simazine and they may be cross-resistant to other Group C1/5 herbicides.

Local weed scientists estimate that Group C1/5 resistant Hairy Fleabane in Israel infests 2-5 sites and the number of sites are increasing. They also estimate that there are 101-500 acres infested with Group C1/5 resistant Hairy Fleabane and the area infested is increasing.

The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their mode of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS ( last updated Sep 15, 2000 )
Common Name	Hairy Fleabane
Species	Conyza bonariensis
Group	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
Herbicides	atrazine, and simazine
Location	Israel
Year	1993
Situation(s)	forests, and industrial sites
Sites	2-5
Acres Infested	101-500
Contributors	Baruch Rubin
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

AREAS FOUND

Baruch Rubin

Together with Conyza canadensis this weed is displacing other weeds!

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Field, Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Hairy Fleabane biotype with this Hairy Fleabane biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

The genetic basis of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the genetic inheritance of this biotype please update the database.

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

Triazine resistant weeds often exhibit a lower relative fitness when compared to susceptible biotypes. The most common mutation conferring triazine resistance (Ser 264 to Gly mutation of the psbA gene) also causes a reduction in CO₂ fixation, quantum yield, and seed and biomass production. There is no record in this database referring specifically to fitness studies on Group C1/5 resistant Hairy Fleabane from Israel.

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HERBICIDE RESISTANT HAIRY FLEABANE GLOBALLY
#	Country	Year	Sites	Acres	Mode of Action
1.	Brazil	2005	11-50	101-500	Glycines (G/9)
2.	Brazil	2005	6-10	51-100	Glycines (G/9)
3.	Colombia	2006	2-5	51-100	Glycines (G/9)
4.	Egypt	1989	unknown	unknown	Bipyridiliums (D/22)
5.	Israel	1993	2-5	101-500	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
6.	Israel	1993	2-5	101-500	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
7.	Israel	2005	51-100	1001-10000	Glycines (G/9)
8.	Japan	1989	6-10	1-5	Bipyridiliums (D/22)
9.	South Africa	2003	6-10	101-500	Bipyridiliums (D/22)
10.	South Africa	2003	2-5	11-50	Glycines (G/9)
11.	Spain	1987	2-5	11-50	Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)
12.	Spain	2004	6-10	1001-10000	Glycines (G/9)
13.	USA (California)	2007	2-5	unknown	Glycines (G/9)
14.	USA (California) Multiple Resistance	2009	2-5	unknown	Bipyridiliums (D/22) Glycines (G/9)

FACT SHEETS AND OTHER LITERATURE	Format
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Scientific Abstracts on Herbicide Resistant Conyza bonariensis
Interactions of cations with paraquat in leaf sections of resistant and sensitive biotypes of Conyza bonariensis.
Norman, M. A. and E. Fuerst P. 1997. Interactions of cations with paraquat in leaf sections of resistant and sensitive biotypes of Conyza bonariensis. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 57: 181-191.
Response of beans and hairy fleabane leaves to ozone and paraquat with and without the antiozonant, ethylenediurea.
Mersie, W., H. A. Norman, and P. Pillai. 1994. Response of beans and hairy fleabane leaves to ozone and paraquat with and without the antiozonant, ethylenediurea. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 34: 379-383.
Constitutive variation of ascorbate peroxidase activity during development parallels that of superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase in paraquat-resistant Conyza.
Ye, B. and J. Gressel. 1994. Constitutive variation of ascorbate peroxidase activity during development parallels that of superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase in paraquat-resistant Conyza. Plant Science Limerick. 102: 147-151.
Developmental variability of photooxidative stress tolerance in paraquat-resistant Conyza.
Amsellem, Z., M. A. K. Jansen, A. R. J. Driesenaar, and J. Gressel. 1993. Developmental variability of photooxidative stress tolerance in paraquat-resistant Conyza. Plant Physiology. 103: 1097-1106.
Evaluation of paraquat resistance mechanisms in Conyza.
Norman, M. A., E. P. Fuerst, R. J. Smeda, and K. C. Vaughn. 1993. Evaluation of paraquat resistance mechanisms in Conyza. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 46: 236-249.
Photosynthetic activity and chloroplast structural characteristics in triazine-resistant biotypes of three weed species.
Prado, R. de, C. Dominguez, I. Rodriguez, M. Tena, and R. De Prado. 1992. Photosynthetic activity and chloroplast structural characteristics in triazine-resistant biotypes of three weed species. Physiologia Plantarum. 84: 477-485.
Resistance to the herbicide paraquat and increased tolerance to photoinhibition are not correlated in several weed species.
Preston, C., J. A. M. Holtum, and S. B. Powles. 1991. Resistance to the herbicide paraquat and increased tolerance to photoinhibition are not correlated in several weed species. Plant Physiology. 96: 314-318.
Characterization of triazine-resistant biotypes of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), hairy fleabane (Conyza bonaeriensis), and yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca) found in Spain.
Prado, R. de, C. Dominguez, and M. Tena. 1989. Characterization of triazine-resistant biotypes of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), hairy fleabane (Conyza bonaeriensis), and yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca) found in Spain. Weed Science. 37: 1-4.
Increased tolerance to photoinhibitory light in paraquat-resistant Conyza bonariensis measured by photoacoustic spectroscopy and 14CO2-fixation.
Jansen, M. A. K., Y. Shaaltiel, D. Kazzes, O. Canaani, S. Malkin, and J. Gressel. 1989. Increased tolerance to photoinhibitory light in paraquat-resistant Conyza bonariensis measured by photoacoustic spectroscopy and 14CO2-fixation. Plant Physiology. 91: 1174-1178.
Triazine-resistant weeds found in Spain.
De Prado, R., C. Dominguez, M. Tena, R. Prado de, R. Cavalloro (ed.), and G. Noye (ed.). 1989. Triazine-resistant weeds found in Spain. Importance and perspectives on herbicide-resistant weeds. Proceedings of a meeting of the EC Experts' Group, Tollose, Denmark, 15-17 November 1988. 11561: 67-79.
Lack of cross-resistance of paraquat-resistant hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) to other toxic oxygen generators indicates enzymatic protection is not the resistance mechanism.
Vaughn, K. C., M. A. Vaughan, and P. Camilleri. 1989. Lack of cross-resistance of paraquat-resistant hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) to other toxic oxygen generators indicates enzymatic protection is not the resistance mechanism. Weed Science. 37: 5-11.
Dominant pleiotropy controls enzymes co-segregating with paraquat resistance in Conyza bonariensis.
Shaaltiel, Y., N. H. Chua, S. Gepstein, and J. Gressel. 1988. Dominant pleiotropy controls enzymes co-segregating with paraquat resistance in Conyza bonariensis. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 75: 850-856.
Cross tolerance to herbicidal and environmental oxidants of plant biotypes tolerant to paraquat, sulfur dioxide, and ozone.
Shaaltiel, Y., A. Glazer, P. F. Bocion, and J. Gressel. 1988. Cross tolerance to herbicidal and environmental oxidants of plant biotypes tolerant to paraquat, sulfur dioxide, and ozone. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 31: 13-23.
Kinetic analysis of resistance to paraquat in Conyza. Evidence that paraquat transiently inhibits leaf chloroplast reactions in resistant plants.
Shaaltiel, Y. and J. Gressel. 1987. Kinetic analysis of resistance to paraquat in Conyza. Evidence that paraquat transiently inhibits leaf chloroplast reactions in resistant plants. Plant Physiology. 85: 869-871.
Biochemical analysis of paraquat resistance in Conyza leads to pinpointing synergists for oxidant generating herbicides.
Shaaltiel, Y., J. Gressel, R. Greenhalgh (ed.), and T. R. Roberts. 1987. Biochemical analysis of paraquat resistance in Conyza leads to pinpointing synergists for oxidant generating herbicides. Proceedings of the 6th international congress of pesticide chemistry, Pesticide science and biotechnology. : 183-186.
Structural and physiological studies of paraquat-resistant Conyza.
Vaughn, K. C. and E. P. Fuerst. 1985. Structural and physiological studies of paraquat-resistant Conyza. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 24: 86-94.
Paraquat resistance in Conyza.
Fuerst, E. P., H. Y. Nakatani, A. D. Dodge, D. Penner, and C. J. Arntzen. 1985. Paraquat resistance in Conyza. Plant Physiology. 77: 984-989.
Mechanism of paraquat tolerance in Conyza bonariensis and in Lolium perenne.
Shaaltiel, Y. and J. Gressel. 1985. Mechanism of paraquat tolerance in Conyza bonariensis and in Lolium perenne. Phytoparasitica. 13: 232.

CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

BARUCH RUBIN	Edit
Professor Hebrew University of Jerusalem Inst. Plant Sci. & Genetics in Agriculture Faculty of Agriculture Food & Environment Rehovot, 76 100 Israel Email Baruch Rubin

Acknowledgements

Where to now?

The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, the Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Israel have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Baruch Rubin for providing detailed information.

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